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The Physiology of Leukocyte Recruitment: An In Vivo Perspective

Björn Petri^*, Mia Phillipson and Paul Kubes^1,*

^* Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

The mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment have been studied extensively in vitro and have shed light on the basic molecular structure-function relationship of adhesion and signaling molecules involved in this essential immune response. This review will summarize how these in vitro observations extend to leukocyte behavior in inflamed blood vessels in the microcirculation. We highlight physiological results that might not have been predicted from in vitro systems. Special attention is placed on the physiology of rolling, adhesion, and intralumenal crawling in blood vessels. The importance of the glycocalyx, secondary tethers, shear, and the microenvironment are discussed. Docking structures forming rings of adhesion molecules together with a novel endothelial dome-like structure in vivo during transmigration are highlighted. Transcellular and paracellular emigration out of inflamed blood vessels is also discussed. The last section highlights leukocyte recruitment in some organs that do not always follow the accepted paradigm of leukocyte recruitment.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Paul Kubes, Immunology Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada. E-mail address: pkubes{at}ucalgary.ca

² Abbreviations used in this paper: PSGL-1, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1; ESAM, endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule; VAP-1, vascular adhesion protein-1.

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