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Early Effector T Cells Producing Significant IFN- Develop into Memory¹

Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212

Currently, transition of T cells from effector to memory is believed to occur as a consequence of exposure to residual suboptimal Ag found in lymphoid tissues at the waning end of the effector phase and microbial clearance. This led to the interpretation that memory arises from slightly activated late effectors producing reduced amounts of IFN-. In this study, we show that CD4 T cells from the early stage of the effector phase in which both the Ag and activation are optimal also transit to memory. Moreover, early effector T cells that have undergone four divisions expressed significant IL-7R, produced IFN-, and yielded rapid and robust memory responses. Cells that divided three times that had marginal IL-7R expression and no IFN- raised base level homeostatic memory, whereas those that have undergone only two divisions and produced IFN- yielded conditioned memory despite low IL-7R expression. Thus, highly activated early effectors generated under short exposure to optimal Ag in vivo develop into memory, and such transition is dependent on a significant production of the cell’s signature cytokine, IFN-.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ This work was supported by Grants R01 AI48541 and 2R01 NS37406 (to H.Z.) from the National Institutes of Health. J.J.B., J.S.E., and C.M.H. were supported by training grants from National Institute of General Medical Sciences. D.M.T. was supported by Life Sciences fellowship from University of Missouri.

² Current address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104.

³ Current address: Division of Immunology, Karp Laboratories, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.

⁴ Current address: National Cancer Institute, Metabolism Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892.

⁵ Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Habib Zaghouani, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, MO 65212. E-mail address: zaghouanih{at}health.missouri.edu

⁶ Abbreviations used in this paper: LN, lymph node; HA, hemagglutinin; SP, spleen; T_CoM, conditioned memory T cell; T_HM, homeostatic memory T cell; T_RM, rapid memory T cell.