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* Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch and
Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505
Diisocyanates are the leading cause of occupational asthma, and epidemiological evidence suggests that occupational rhinitis is a comorbid and preceding condition in patients who develop asthma. The goal of the present studies was to develop and characterize a murine model of toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced rhinitis. Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to workplace-relevant concentrations of TDI vapor via inhalation for 4 h/day for 12 days with or without a 2-wk rest period and TDI challenge. Mice exposed 12 consecutive weekdays to 50 parts per billion TDI vapor showed elevated total serum IgE and increased TDI-specific IgG titers. Breathing rates were decreased corresponding with increased inspiratory time. TDI exposure elevated IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-
mRNA expression in the nasal mucosa, suggesting a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. Expressions of mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules were also up-regulated. These cytokine changes corresponded with a marked influx of inflammatory cells into the nasal mucosa, eosinophils being the predominant cell type. Removal from exposure for 2 wk resulted in reduced Ab production, cytokine mRNA expression, and cellular inflammation. Subsequent challenge with 50 parts per billion TDI vapor resulted in robust up-regulation of Ab production, cytokine gene expression, as well as eosinophilic inflammation in the nasal mucosa. There were no associated changes in the lung. The present model shows that TDI inhalation induces immune-mediated allergic rhinitis, displaying the major features observed in human disease. Future studies will use this model to define disease mechanisms and examine the temporal/dose relationship between TDI-induced rhinitis and asthma.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1 These studies were funded in part by a National Institute of Environmental Health Services-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Interagency Agreement (Y1-ES-0001, Immunotoxicity of Workplace Xenobiotics). The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Victor J. Johnson, Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mail Stop 3014, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888. E-mail address: vjohnson3{at}cdc.gov
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: TDI, toluene diisocyanate; MRM, magnetic resonance microscopy; PAS, periodic acid-Schiff; ppb, parts per billion; RIS, remote intelligent sensor; PenH, enhanced pause.
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