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* Laboratory of Cellular and Gene Therapy "G. Lanzani," Division of Haematology, Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy;
Laboratory of Molecular Immunohaematology, Istituto Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy;
Research Laboratories of Immunology and Inflammation, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rozzano, Italy;
Section of General Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; and
¶ University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
The therapeutic mAb rituximab induced the expression of the CCL3 and CCL4 chemokines in the human lymphoma line BJAB following binding to the CD20 Ag. Induction of CCL3/4 in vitro was specific, was observed in several cell lines and freshly isolated lymphoma samples and also took place at the protein level in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the role of these 
-chemokines in the mechanism of action of rituximab, we synthesized a N-terminally truncated CCL3 molecule CCL3(11–70), which had antagonist activity on chemotaxis mediated by either CCL3 or BJAB supernatant. We also set up an established s.c. BJAB tumor model in athymic mice. Rituximab, given weekly after tumors had reached 250 mm2, led to complete disappearance of the lymphoma within 2–3 wk. Treatment of mice with cobra venom factor showed that complement was required for rituximab therapeutic activity. Treatment of BJAB tumor bearing mice every 2 days with the CCL3(11–70) antagonist, starting 1 wk before rituximab treatment, had no effect on tumor growth by itself, but completely inhibited the therapeutic activity of the Ab. To determine whether CCL3 acts through recruitment/activation of immune cells, we specifically depleted NK cells, polymorphonuclear cells, and macrophages using mAbs, clodronate treatment, or Rag2–/–c
–/– mice. The data demonstrated that these different cell populations are involved in BJAB tumor eradication. We propose that rituximab rapidly activates complement and induces -chemokines in vivo, which in turn activate the innate immunity network required for efficient eradication of the bulky BJAB tumor.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1 This work was supported by the Fondo per gli Investimenti della Ricerca di Base Programme RBAU01J2ER from the Italian Association for Cancer Research, Italian Ministry for University and Research, by the Associazione Italiana contro le Leucemia, Linfomi e Mieloma, Sezione Paolo Belli, and by the "Ministero dell’Istruzione," dell’Università e della Ricerca (Piano Nazionale Ricerche-Biotecnologie Avanzate, tema 2). Part of this work was conducted in the context and with the support of the Fondazione Humanitas per la Ricerca. J.G. has received a research grant from Roche Italia.
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Josée Golay, Laboratory of Cellular and Gene Therapy "G. Lanzani," c/o Presidio Matteo Rota, via Garibaldi 11-13, Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, 24128 Bergamo, Italy. E-mail address: jgolay{at}ospedaliriuniti.bergamo.it
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: CVF, cobra venom factor; PMN, polymorphonuclear.
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