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* Instituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Milan, Italy;
Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy;
Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnologies University of Milan, Milan, Italy;
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
An effective immune response depends not only on the proper activation, regulation, and function of immune cells, but also on their distribution and retention in diverse tissue microenvironments where they encounter a number of stimuli and other cell types. These activities are mediated by endothelial cells, which form specialized microcirculatory networks used by immune cells under both physiological and pathological circumstances. Endothelial cells represent a highly heterogeneous population of cells with the ability to interact with and modulate the function of immune cells. This review is focused on the role of microvascular endothelial cells in innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, coagulation, angiogenesis, and the therapeutic implications of targeting endothelial cells in selected autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1 This work was supported by a grant from the Broad Medical Research Program (to S.D.) and National Institutes of Health Grants DK30399 and DK50984 (to C.F.).
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Silvio Danese, Division of Gastroenterology, Instituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Viale Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy; E-mail address: sdanese{at}hotmail.com or Dr. Claudio Fiocchi, Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, NC22, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195; E-mail address: fiocchc{at}ccf.org
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: EC, endothelial cell; EPCR, endothelial protein C receptor; NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; PAR, protease-activated receptor; PC, protein C; TM, thrombomodulin; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
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