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* Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) have proven effective as adjuvants for protein-based vaccines, but their impact on immune responses induced by live viral vectors is not known. We found that addition of CpG ODN to modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) markedly improved the induction of longer-lasting adaptive protective immunity in BALB/c mice against intranasal pathogenic vaccinia virus (Western Reserve; WR). Protection was mediated primarily by CD8+ T cells in the lung, as determined by CD8-depletion studies, protection in B cell-deficient mice, and greater protection correlating with CD8+ IFN-
-producing cells in the lung but not with those in the spleen. Intranasal immunization was more effective at inducing CD8+ T cell immunity in the lung, and protection, than i.m. immunization. Addition of CpG ODN increased the CD8+ response but not the Ab response. Depletion of CD4 T cells before vaccination with MVA significantly diminished protection against pathogenic WR virus. However, CpG ODN delivered with MVA was able to substitute for CD4 help and protected CD4-depleted mice against WR vaccinia challenge. This study demonstrates for the first time a protective adjuvant effect of CpG ODN for a live viral vector vaccine that may overcome CD4 deficiency in the induction of protective CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Igor M. Belyakov, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 6B-12, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1578. E-mail address: belyakov{at}mail.nih.gov
2 Abbreviations used in this paper: ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide; MVA, modified vaccinia Ankara; IN, intranasal; DC, dendritic cell.
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