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Innate Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis: Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Are Activated and Drive a Proinflammatory Immune Response¹

Arnon Karni^*,, Michal Abraham^*, Alon Monsonego^*, Guifang Cai^*, Gordon J. Freeman, David Hafler^*, Samia J. Khoury^* and Howard L. Weiner^2,*

^* Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler’s Medical, School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is postulated to be a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized clinically by a relapsing-remitting (RR) stage followed by a secondary progressive (SP) phase. The progressive phase is felt to be secondary to neuronal degenerative changes triggered by inflammation. The status of the innate immune system and its relationship to the stages of MS is not well understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that are central cells of the innate immune system and have the unique capacity to induce primary immune responses. We investigated circulating myeloid DCs isolated directly from the blood to determine whether there were abnormalities in myeloid DCs in MS and whether they were related to disease stage. We found that SP-MS subjects had an increased percentage of DCs expressing CD80, a decreased percentage expressing PD-L1, and an increased percentage producing IL-12 and TNF- compared with RR-MS or controls. A higher percentage of DCs from both RR and SP-MS patients expressed CD40 compared with controls. We then investigated the polarization effect of DCs from MS patients on naive T cells taken from cord blood using a MLR assay. Whereas DCs from RR-MS induced higher levels of Th1 (IFN-, TNF-) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-13) cytokines compared with controls, DCs from SP-MS only induced a polarized Th1 response. These results demonstrate abnormalities of DCs in MS and may explain the immunologic basis for the different stages and clinical patterns of MS.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant NS023132 and the Nancy Davis Foundation. A.K. was a fellow of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.

² Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Howard L. Weiner, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute of Medicine 730, Boston, MA 02115-5817. E-mail address: hweiner{at}rics.bwh.harvard.edu

³ Abbreviations used in this paper: DC, dendritic cell; MS, multiple sclerosis; RR, relapsing-remitting; SP, secondary progressive; HC, healthy control; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; PD-L1, programmed death ligand-1.

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