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T Cells Facilitate Adaptive Immunity against West Nile Virus Infection in Mice¹

Tian Wang^2,*, Yunfei Gao, Eileen Scully^,, C. Todd Davis, John F. Anderson^¶, Thomas Welte^||, Michel Ledizet^#, Raymond Koski^#, Joseph A. Madri^||, Alan Barrett, Zhinan Yin, Joseph Craft^, and Erol Fikrig^2,

^* Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521; Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550; ^¶ Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504; ^|| Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and ^# L² Diagnostics, New Haven, CT 06530

West Nile (WN) virus causes fatal meningoencephalitis in laboratory mice, and T cells are involved in the protective immune response against viral challenge. We have now examined whether T cells contribute to the development of adaptive immune responses that help control WN virus infection. Approximately 15% of TCR^–/– mice survived primary infection with WN virus compared with 80–85% of the wild-type mice. These mice were more susceptible to secondary challenge with WN virus than the wild-type mice that survived primary challenge with the virus. Depletion of T cells in wild-type mice that survived the primary infection, however, does not affect host susceptibility during secondary challenge with WN virus. Furthermore, T cells do not influence the development of Ab responses during primary and at the early stages of secondary infection with WN virus. Adoptive transfer of CD8⁺ T cells from wild-type mice that survived primary infection with WN virus to naive mice afforded partial protection from lethal infection. In contrast, transfer of CD8⁺ T cells from TCR^–/– mice that survived primary challenge with WN virus failed to alter infection in naive mice. This difference in survival correlated with the numeric and functional reduction of CD8 memory T cells in these mice. These data demonstrate that T cells directly link innate and adaptive immunity during WN virus infection.

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