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* Immune Regulation Research Group, and
Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
Whole cell pertussis vaccines (Pw) induce Th1 responses and protect against Bordetella pertussis infection, whereas pertussis acellular vaccines (Pa) induce Ab and Th2-biased responses and also protect against severe disease. In this study, we show that Pw failed to generate protective immunity in TLR4-defective C3H/HeJ mice. In contrast, protection induced with Pa was compromised, but not completely abrogated, in C3H/HeJ mice. Immunization with Pw, but not Pa, induced a population of IL-17-producing T cells (Th-17), as well as Th1 cells. Ag-specific IL-17 and IFN-
production was significantly lower in Pw-immunized TLR4-defective mice. Furthermore, treatment with neutralizing anti-IL-17 Ab immediately before and after B. pertussis challenge significantly reduced the protective efficacy of Pw. Stimulation of dendritic cells (DC) with Pw promoted IL-23, IL-12, IL-1
, and TNF-
production, which was impaired in DC from TLR4-defective mice. B. pertussis LPS, which is present in high concentrations in Pw, induced IL-23 production by DC, which enhanced IL-17 secretion by T cells, but the induction of Th-17 cells was also dependent on IL-1. In addition, we identified a new effector function for IL-17, activating macrophage killing of B. pertussis, and this bactericidal activity was less efficient in macrophages from TLR4-defective mice. These data provide the first definitive evidence of a role for TLRs in protective immunity induced by a human vaccine. Our findings also demonstrate that activation of innate immune cells through TLR4 helps to direct the induction of Th1 and Th-17 cells, which mediate protective cellular immunity to B. pertussis.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1 This work was supported by a Science Foundation Ireland Principal Investigator Award (00/PI.I/B045; to K.H.G.M.).
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Kingston H. G. Mills, Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. E-mail address: kingston.mills{at}tcd.ie
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: Pw, whole cell pertussis vaccine; DC, dendritic cell; FHA, filamentous hemagglutinin; IL-1ra, IL-1R antagonist; LAL, Limulus amebocyte lysate; Pa, acellular pertussis vaccine; PT, pertussis toxin; Th-17, IL-17-producing T cell.
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