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* Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Children’s Research Institute, and
Department of Neurosciences, Neuroscience Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425
The mechanisms that contribute to inflammatory damage following ischemic stroke are poorly characterized, but studies indicate a role for both complement and P-selectin. In this study, we show that compared with wild-type mice, C3-deficient mice showed significant improvement in survival, neurological deficit, and infarct size at 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Furthermore, P-selectin protein expression was undetectable in the cerebral microvasculature of C3-deficient mice following reperfusion, and there was reduced neutrophil influx, reduced microthrombus formation, and increased blood flow postreperfusion in C3-deficient mice. We further investigated the use of a novel complement inhibitory protein in a therapeutic paradigm. Complement receptor 2 (CR2)-Crry inhibits complement activation at the C3 stage and targets to sites of complement activation. Treatment of normal mice with CR2-Crry at 30 min postreperfusion resulted in a similar level of protection to that seen in C3-deficient mice in all of the above-measured parameters. The data demonstrate an important role for complement in cerebrovascular thrombosis, inflammation, and injury following ischemic stroke. P-selectin expression in the cerebrovasculature, which is also implicated in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury, was shown to be distal to and dependent on complement activation. Data also show that a CR2-targeted approach of complement inhibition provides appropriate bioavailability in cerebral injury to enable complement inhibition at a dose that does not significantly affect systemic levels of serum complement activity, a potential benefit for stroke patients where immunosuppression would be undesirable due to significantly increased susceptibility to lung infection.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1 This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL082485) and Alliance for Lupus Research, and Veterans Affairs Merit Review.
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Stephen Tomlinson, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425. E-mail address: tomlinss{at}musc.edu
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: CR, complement receptor; sCR, soluble CR; MAC, membrane attack complex; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; ECA, external carotid artery; TTC, triphenyltetrazolium chloride; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR; wt, wild type.
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