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Proinflammatory Role of Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor-Related Gene in Acute Lung Inflammation¹

Salvatore Cuzzocrea^2,3,*,, Giuseppe Nocentini^2,, Rosanna Di Paola^*, Massimiliano Agostini, Emanuela Mazzon^*,, Simona Ronchetti, Concetta Crisafulli^*, Emanuela Esposito, Achille P. Caputi^* and Carlo Riccardi

^* Dipartimento Clinico e Sperimentale di Medicina e Farmacologia, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, Messina, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Sezione di Farmacologia, Tossicologia e Chemioterapia, Università di Perugia, and Polo Scientifico e Didattico di Terni, Terni, Italy; and Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy

Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related gene (GITR) participates in the immune/inflammatory response. Because GITR expression has been described in cells other than T lymphocytes, we investigated whether it also modulates acute inflammatory response. Using GITR-deficient (GITR^–/–) mice, we analyzed the role of GITR in the development of carrageenan-induced lung inflammation (pleurisy) by studying several proinflammatory markers 2–8 h after carrageenan injection. When compared with GITR^+/+, GITR^–/– mice exhibited decreased production of turbid exudate containing a lower number of leukocytes. This was correlated with the reduction of inflammatory markers (including TNF-, IL-1, myeloperoxidase, inducible NO synthase, and cyclooxygenase 2) in the pleural exudate and/or in the lung. Moreover, endothelial cells expressed lower levels of adhesion molecules. In lungs of GITR^+/+ mice, GITR ligand expression was not modulated during pleurisy, while that of GITR increased, as a consequence of increased infiltration by GITR-expressing cells and of GITR up-regulation in macrophages and endothelial cells. Finally, cotreatment of GITR^+/+ mice with carrageenan and Fc-GITR fusion protein decreased the number of inflammatory cells (pleural macrophages and lung neutrophils) as compared with carrageenan treatment alone, confirming that GITR plays a role in the modulation of pleurisy.

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				G. Nocentini, S. Cuzzocrea, T. Genovese, R. Bianchini, E. Mazzon, S. Ronchetti, E. Esposito, D. P. Rosanna, P. Bramanti, and C. Riccardi Glucocorticoid-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Related (GITR)-Fc Fusion Protein Inhibits GITR Triggering and Protects from the Inflammatory Response after Spinal Cord Injury Mol. Pharmacol., June 1, 2008; 73(6): 1610 - 1621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Cuzzocrea, S. Bruscoli, E. Mazzon, C. Crisafulli, V. Donato, R. Di Paola, E. Velardi, E. Esposito, G. Nocentini, and C. Riccardi Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha} Contributes to the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Glucocorticoids Mol. Pharmacol., February 1, 2008; 73(2): 323 - 337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]