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by NK and NKT Cells1
,
* Division of Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267;
Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220; and
Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
Although IL-4 and IFN-
often have opposite effects and suppress each other’s production by T cells, IL-4 can stimulate IFN- production. To characterize this, we injected mice with IL-4 and quantified IFN- production with the in vivo cytokine capture assay. IL-4 induced Stat6-dependent IFN- production by NK and, to a lesser extent, NKT cells, but not conventional T cells, in 2–4 h. Increased IFN- production persisted at a constant rate for >24 h, but eventually declined, even with continuing IL-4 stimulation. This eventual decline in IFN- production was accompanied by a decrease in NK and T cell numbers. Consistent with a dominant role for NK cells in IL-4-stimulated IFN- secretion, IL-4 induction of IFN- was B and T cell-independent; suppressed by an anti-IL-2R
mAb that eliminates most NK and NKT cells; reduced in Stat4-deficient mice, which have decreased numbers of NK cells; and absent in Rag2/c-double-deficient mice, which lack T, B, and NK cells. IL-4-induced IFN- production was not affected by neutralizing IL-12p40 and was increased by neutralizing IL-2. IL-13, which signals through the type 2 IL-4R and mimics many IL-4 effects, failed to stimulate IFN- production and, in most experiments, suppressed basal IFN- production. Thus, IL-4, acting through the type 1 IL-4R, induces Stat6-dependent IFN- secretion by NK and NKT cells. This explains how IL-4 can contribute to Th1 cytokine-associated immune effector functions and suggests how IL-13 can have stronger proallergic effects than IL-4.
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