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* Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756;
Department of Parasitology, Unit of Early Responses to Intracellular Parasites and Immunopathology, Institut Pasteur-INRA, Paris, France; and
World Health Organization- Immunology Research and Training Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
TLRs expressed by a variety of cells, including epithelial cells, B cells, and dendritic cells, are important initiators of the immune response following stimulation with various microbial products. Several of the TLRs require the adaptor protein, MyD88, which is an important mediator for the immune response following Toxoplasma gondii infection. Previously, TLR9-mediated innate immune responses were predominantly associated with ligation of unmethylated bacterial CpG DNA. In this study, we show that TLR9 is required for the Th1-type inflammatory response that ensues following oral infection with T. gondii. After oral infection with T. gondii, susceptible wild-type (WT; C57BL/6) but not TLR9–/– (B6 background) mice develop a Th1-dependent acute lethal ileitis; TLR9–/– mice have higher parasite burdens than control WT mice, consistent with depressed IFN-
-dependent parasite killing. A reduction in the total T cell and IFN--producing T cell frequencies was observed in the lamina propria of the TLR9–/– parasite-infected mice. TLR9 and type I IFN production was observed by cells from infected intestines in WT mice. TLR9 expression by dendritic cell populations is essential for their expansion in the mesenteric lymph nodes of infected mice. Infection of chimeric mice deleted of TLR9 in either the hemopoietic or nonhemopoietic compartments demonstrated that TLR9 expression by cells from both compartments is important for efficient T cell responses to oral infection. These observations demonstrate that TLR9 mediates the innate response to oral parasite infection and is involved in the development of an effective Th1-type immune response.
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