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* Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
Carolina Vaccine Institute,
Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines are increasingly used for the treatment of patients with malignancies. Although these vaccines are typically safe, consistent and lasting generation of tumor-specific immunity has been rarely demonstrated. Improved methods for delivering tumor Ags to DCs and approaches for overcoming tolerance or immune suppression to self-Ags are critical for improving immunotherapy. Viral vectors may address both of these issues, as they can be used to deliver intact tumor Ags to DCs, and have been shown to inhibit the suppression mediated by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. We have evaluated the potential use of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (VRPs) for in vitro Ag delivery to human monocyte-derived DCs. VRPs efficiently transduced immature human DCs in vitro, with 
50% of immature DCs expressing a vector-driven Ag at 12 h postinfection. VRP infection of immature DCs was superior to TNF-
treatment at inducing phenotypic maturation of DCs, and was comparable to LPS stimulation. Additionally, VRP-infected DC cultures secreted substantial amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-, and IFN-. Finally, DCs transduced with a VRP encoding the influenza matrix protein (FMP) stimulated 50% greater expansion of FMP-specific CD8+ CTL when compared with TNF--matured DCs pulsed with an HLA-A*0201-restricted FMP peptide. Thus, VRPs can be used to deliver Ags to DCs resulting in potent stimulation of Ag-specific CTL. These findings provide the rationale for future studies evaluating the efficacy of VRP-transduced DCs for tumor immunotherapy.
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