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,
,¶
* Antiviral Innate Immunity Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan;
Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan;
21st Century Center of Excellence Program, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Gene Function Research Center, Tsukuba Science City, Japan;
¶ Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;
|| Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
# Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan;
** Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
The cellular protein retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) senses intracellular viral infection and triggers a signal for innate antiviral responses including the production of type I IFN. RIG-I contains a domain that belongs to a DExD/H-box helicase family and exhibits an N-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD) homology. There are three genes encoding RIG-I-related proteins in human and mouse genomes. Melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5), which consists of CARD and a helicase domain, functions as a positive regulator, similarly to RIG-I. Both proteins sense viral RNA with a helicase domain and transmit a signal downstream by CARD; thus, these proteins share overlapping functions. Another protein, LGP2, lacks the CARD homology and functions as a negative regulator by interfering with the recognition of viral RNA by RIG-I and MDA5. The nonstructural protein 3/4A protein of hepatitis C virus blocks the signaling by RIG-I and MDA5; however, the V protein of the Sendai virus selectively abrogates the MDA5 function. These results highlight ingenious mechanisms for initiating antiviral innate immune responses and the action of virus-encoded inhibitors.
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