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Specific Inhibition of c-Raf Activity by Semapimod Induces Clinical Remission in Severe Crohn’s Disease¹

Mark Löwenberg^2,*,, Auke Verhaar^*, Bernt van den Blink^*, Fibo ten Kate, Sander van Deventer^*, Maikel Peppelenbosch and Daniel Hommes

^* Laboratory of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Pathology, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

There is a substantial need for novel treatment strategies in Crohn’s disease (CD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease of the gut. In an earlier study, we reported clinical efficacy of a 2-wk treatment with semapimod (CNI-1493) in 12 patients with therapy resistant CD. The aim of this study was to identify the cellular target underlying semapimod action. In vitro experiments with murine macrophages showed impaired MAPK signaling and decreased cytokine production due to semapimod treatment. In vitro kinase assays revealed c-Raf as a direct molecular target of semapimod, and semapimod did not affect b-Raf enzymatic activity. Immunohistochemistry performed on paired colon biopsies obtained from CD patients (n = 6) demonstrated increased expression of phospho-MEK, the substrate of Raf. Strikingly, phospho-MEK levels were significantly decreased in patients with a good clinical response to semapimod, but no decrease in phospho-MEK expression was observed in a clinically nonresponsive patient. In conclusion, this study identifies c-Raf as a molecular target of semapimod action and suggests that decreased c-Raf activity correlates with clinical benefit in CD. Our observations indicate that c-Raf inhibitors are prime candidates for the treatment of CD.

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