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* Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
TLRs sense pathogens and transmit intracellular signals via the use of specific adapter proteins. We designed a set of "blocking peptides" (BPs) comprised of the 14 aa that correspond to the sequences of the BB loops of the four known Toll-IL-1 resistance (TIR) domain-containing adapter proteins (i.e., MyD88, TIR domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-
(TRIF), TRIF-related adapter molecule (TRAM), and TIR-domain containing adapter protein (TIRAP)) linked to the cell-penetrating segment of the antennapedia homeodomain. LPS (TLR4)-mediated gene expression, as well as MAPK and transcription factor activation associated with both MyD88-dependent and -independent signaling pathways, were disrupted by all four BPs (TRAM 
MyD88 > TRIF > TIRAP), but not by a control peptide. In contrast, none of the BPs inhibited TLR2-mediated activation of MAPKs. Only the MyD88 BP significantly blocked Pam3Cys-induced IL-1 mRNA; however, the inhibitory effect was much less than observed for LPS. Our data suggest that the interactions required for a fully functional TLR4 signaling "platform" are disrupted by these BPs, and that the adapter BB loops may serve distinct roles in TLR4 and TLR2 signalosome assembly.
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