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Induction in Monocytes by Direct Interaction with I
B Kinases1
Department of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
Expression of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes is tightly regulated by transcription factors such as NF-
B. In this study, we show that, in LPS-stimulated human peripheral monocytes, the pentacyclic triterpenes acetyl-
-boswellic acid (A
BA) and acetyl-11-keto-
-boswellic acid (AK
BA) down-regulate the TNF-
expression. A
BA and AK
BA inhibited NF-
B signaling both in LPS-stimulated monocytes as detected by EMSA, as well as in a NF-
B-dependent luciferase gene reporter assay. By contrast, the luciferase expression driven by the IFN-stimulated response element was unaffected, implying specificity of the inhibitory effect observed. Both A
BA and AK
BA did not affect binding of recombinant p50/p65 and p50/c-Rel dimers to DNA binding sites as analyzed by surface plasmon resonance. Instead, both pentacyclic triterpenes inhibited the LPS-induced degradation of I
B
, as well as phosphorylation of p65 at Ser536 and its nuclear translocation. A
BA and AK
BA inhibited specifically the phosphorylation of recombinant I
B
and p65 by I
B
kinases (IKKs) immunoprecipitated from LPS-stimulated monocytes. In line with this, A
BA and AK
BA also bound to and inhibited the activities of active human recombinant GST-IKK
and His-IKK
. The LPS-triggered induction of TNF-
in monocytes is dependent on IKK activity, as confirmed by IKK-specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Thus, via their direct inhibitory effects on IKK, A
BA and AK
BA convey inhibition of NF-
B and subsequent down-regulation of TNF-
expression in activated human monocytes. These findings provide a molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory properties ascribed to A
BA- and AK
BA-containing drugs and suggest acetyl-boswellic acids as tools for the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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