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B Activation and Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression via the Ras/Raf-1/ERK Pathway in Human Airway Epithelial Cells1









* School of Respiratory Therapy,
Graduate Institutes of Biomedical Technology,
Graduate Institutes of Medical Sciences,
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan;
¶ Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and
|| Department of Pharmacology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
In this study, we investigated the signaling pathways involved in bradykinin (BK)-induced NF-
B activation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in human airway epithelial cells (A549). BK caused concentration- and time-dependent increase in COX-2 expression, which was attenuated by a selective B2 BK receptor antagonist (HOE140), a Ras inhibitor (manumycin A), a Raf-1 inhibitor (GW 5074), a MEK inhibitor (PD 098059), an NF-
B inhibitor (pyrrolidine dithiocarbate), and an I
B protease inhibitor (L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone). The B1 BK receptor antagonist (Lys-(Leu8)des-Arg9-BK) had no effect on COX-2 induction by BK. BK-induced increase in COX-2-luciferase activity was inhibited by cells transfected with the
B site deletion of COX-2 construct. BK-induced Ras activation was inhibited by manumycin A. Raf-1 phosphorylation at Ser338 by BK was inhibited by manumycin A and GW 5074. BK-induced ERK activation was inhibited by HOE140, manumycin A, GW 5074, and PD 098059. Stimulation of cells with BK activated I
B kinase 
(IKK
), I
B
phosphorylation, I
B
degradation, p65 and p50 translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus, the formation of an NF-
B-specific DNA-protein complex, and
B-luciferase activity. BK-mediated increase in IKK
activity and formation of the NF-
B-specific DNA-protein complex were inhibited by HOE140, a Ras dominant-negative mutant (RasN17), manumycin A, GW 5074, and PD 098059. Our results demonstrated for the first time that BK, acting through B2 BK receptor, induces activation of the Ras/Raf-1/ERK pathway, which in turn initiates IKK
and NF-
B activation, and ultimately induces COX-2 expression in human airway epithelial cell line (A549).
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