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1 Signaling Pathway
Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
TGF-
1 plays a central role in maintaining normal immune function and deficiency of this potent immunosuppressive molecule is linked to uncontrolled inflammation, cachexia, and multiorgan failure as seen in the TGF-1 null mouse. Infiltration of inflammatory cells into vital organs of the null mouse is accompanied by increased gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-
and IL-1, as well as inducible NO synthase, each regulated by NF-
B. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 to prevent NF-B activation dramatically reduced NO production and expression of inflammatory cytokines. This inflammatory phenotype with NF-B activation in the TGF-1 null mouse, in the absence of any identifiable pathogen, suggested activation of innate immune responses. Because Toll-like receptors (TLR) are essential in the activation of innate immunity, we examined inflamed tissue from TGF-1 null and wild-type mice for expression of TLR4, the receptor that interacts with bacterial cell wall LPS to initiate an NF-B-dependent signaling pathway, leading to gene transcription of inflammatory mediators. Increased TLR4 mRNA expression observed in TGF-1 null mice as well as in mice lacking the TGF- transcription factor Smad3 was associated with LPS hyperresponsiveness leading to increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and NO and endotoxemia. Furthermore, mice lacking both TGF-1 and a functional TLR4 were resistant to endotoxin shock. Constitutive and/or environmental activation of TLR4 and downstream elements, in the absence of TGF- suppression, may impact on innate and adaptive immunity and contribute to massive uncontrolled inflammation.
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