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* Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil;
Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
Section of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and Departments of
Physiology and Biophysics and
¶
Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Several studies have now clearly established the ability of LPS to induce bradykinin B1 receptor up-regulation in vivo and the functional relevance of this up-regulation for the pathophysiological effects of LPS. Using an in vivo system in which LPS is injected locally into the rat paw, we have examined the potential contribution of proinflammatory cytokines, NF-
B activation, and neutrophil influx for the functional and molecular up-regulation of the bradykinin B1 receptor. Treatment with LPS resulted in a rapid and sustained functional up-regulation of B1 receptors in the rat paw that correlated with the increase in B1 receptor mRNA levels. B1 receptor up-regulation is preceded by the rapid activation of the transcription factor NF-B and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-
and IL-1
. More importantly, blockade of NF-B translocation, TNF-, or IL-1 prevented the functional and molecular up-regulation of B1 receptors. Injection of LPS also induced the influx of neutrophils that followed the peak of cytokine production and associated with the persistent activation of NF-B and functional B1 receptor up-regulation. Blockade of neutrophil influx with platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists or cell adhesion molecule blockers prevented B1 receptor up-regulation. Thus, by acting in cooperation and in a coordinated, timely manner, TNF-, IL-1, neutrophils, and the transcription factor NF-B are major and essential players in the ability of LPS to induce B1 receptor expression in vivo.
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