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and IL-1
on Tumorigenicity Patterns and Invasiveness 1





Departments of
*
Microbiology and Immunology and
Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel;
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden; and
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
In this study, we show that distinct compartmentalization patterns of the IL-1 molecules (IL-1
and IL-1
), in the milieu of tumor cells that produce them, differentially affect the malignant process. Active forms of IL-1, namely precursor IL-1
(pIL-1
), mature IL-1
(mIL-1
), and mIL-1
fused to a signal sequence (ssIL-1
), were transfected into an established fibrosarcoma cell line, and tumorigenicity and antitumor immunity were assessed. Cell lines transfected with pIL-1
, which expresses IL-1
on the membrane, fail to develop local tumors and activate antitumor effector mechanisms, such as CTLs, NK cells, and high levels of IFN-
production. Cells transfected with secretable IL-1
(mIL-1
and ssIL-1
) were more aggressive than wild-type and mock-transfected tumor cells; ssIL-1
transfectants even exhibited metastatic tumors in the lungs of mice after i.v. inoculation (experimental metastasis). In IL-1
tumors, increased vascularity patterns were observed. No detectable antitumor effector mechanisms were observed in spleens of mice injected with IL-1
transfectants, mock-transfected or wild-type fibrosarcoma cells. Moreover, in spleens of mice injected with IL-1
transfectants, suppression of polyclonal mitogenic responses (proliferation, IFN-
and IL-2 production) to Con A was observed, suggesting the development of general anergy. Histologically, infiltrating mononuclear cells penetrating the tumor were seen at pIL-1
tumor sites, whereas in mIL-1
and ssIL-1
tumor sites such infiltrating cells do not penetrate inside the tumor. This is, to our knowledge, the first report on differential, nonredundant, in vivo effects of IL-1
and IL-1
in malignant processes; IL-1
reduces tumorigenicity by inducing antitumor immunity, whereas IL-1
promotes invasiveness, including tumor angiogenesis, and also induces immune suppression in the host.
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