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The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 171: 6448-6456.
Copyright © 2003 by The American Association of Immunologists

Differential Effects of IL-1{alpha} and IL-1{beta} on Tumorigenicity Patterns and Invasiveness 1

Xiaoping Song*, Elena Voronov*, Tatyana Dvorkin*, Eyal Fima*, Emanuela Cagnano{dagger}, Daniel Benharroch{dagger}, Yaakov Shendler{dagger}, Olle Bjorkdahl2,{ddagger}, Shraga Segal*, Charles A. Dinarello§ and Ron N. Apte3,*

Departments of * Microbiology and Immunology and {dagger} Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; {ddagger} Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden; and § University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262

In this study, we show that distinct compartmentalization patterns of the IL-1 molecules (IL-1{alpha} and IL-1{beta}), in the milieu of tumor cells that produce them, differentially affect the malignant process. Active forms of IL-1, namely precursor IL-1{alpha} (pIL-1{alpha}), mature IL-1{beta} (mIL-1{beta}), and mIL-1{beta} fused to a signal sequence (ssIL-1{beta}), were transfected into an established fibrosarcoma cell line, and tumorigenicity and antitumor immunity were assessed. Cell lines transfected with pIL-1{alpha}, which expresses IL-1{alpha} on the membrane, fail to develop local tumors and activate antitumor effector mechanisms, such as CTLs, NK cells, and high levels of IFN-{gamma} production. Cells transfected with secretable IL-1{beta} (mIL-1{beta} and ssIL-1{beta}) were more aggressive than wild-type and mock-transfected tumor cells; ssIL-1{beta} transfectants even exhibited metastatic tumors in the lungs of mice after i.v. inoculation (experimental metastasis). In IL-1{beta} tumors, increased vascularity patterns were observed. No detectable antitumor effector mechanisms were observed in spleens of mice injected with IL-1{beta} transfectants, mock-transfected or wild-type fibrosarcoma cells. Moreover, in spleens of mice injected with IL-1{beta} transfectants, suppression of polyclonal mitogenic responses (proliferation, IFN-{gamma} and IL-2 production) to Con A was observed, suggesting the development of general anergy. Histologically, infiltrating mononuclear cells penetrating the tumor were seen at pIL-1{alpha} tumor sites, whereas in mIL-1{beta} and ssIL-1{beta} tumor sites such infiltrating cells do not penetrate inside the tumor. This is, to our knowledge, the first report on differential, nonredundant, in vivo effects of IL-1{alpha} and IL-1{beta} in malignant processes; IL-1{alpha} reduces tumorigenicity by inducing antitumor immunity, whereas IL-1{beta} promotes invasiveness, including tumor angiogenesis, and also induces immune suppression in the host.




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