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* Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611;
Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
To investigate possible mechanisms behind HIV-1 escape from CTL, we performed detailed longitudinal analysis of Gag (SLYNTVATL)- and RT (ILKEPVHGV)-specific CTL responses and plasma epitope sequences in five individuals. Among those with CTL against consensus epitope sequences, epitope mutations developed over several years, invariably followed by decay of the CTL targeting the consensus epitopes. The maturation state of the CTL varied among individuals and appeared to affect the rate of epitope mutation and CTL decay, despite similar IFN-
production. Escape mutations were oligoclonal, suggesting fitness constraints. The timing of escape indicated that the net selective advantage of escape mutants was slight, further underscoring the importance of understanding factors determining selective pressure and viral fitness in vivo. Our data show surprisingly consistent decay of CTL responses after epitope escape mutation and provide insight into potential mechanisms for both immune failure and shifting CTL specificities.
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