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* The William Harvey Research Institute, London, United Kingdom;
Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
The issue of which melanocortin receptor (MC-R) is responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of melanocortin peptides is still a matter of debate. Here we have addressed this aspect using a dual pharmacological and genetic approach, taking advantage of the recent characterization of more selective agonists/antagonists at MC1 and MC3-R as well as of the existence of a naturally defective MC1-R mouse strain, the recessive yellow (e/e) mouse. RT-PCR and ultrastructural analyses showed the presence of MC3-R mRNA and protein in peritoneal macrophages (M
) collected from recessive yellow (e/e) mice and wild-type mice. This receptor was functional as M incubation (30 min) with melanocortin peptides led to accumulation of cAMP, an effect abrogated by the MC3/4-R antagonist SHU9119, but not by the selective MC4-R antagonist HS024. In vitro M activation, determined as release of the CXC chemokine KC and IL-1
, was inhibited by the more selective MC3-R agonist 
2-melanocyte stimulating hormone but not by the selective MC1-R agonist MS05. Systemic treatment of mice with a panel of melanocortin peptides inhibited IL-1 release and PMN accumulation elicited by urate crystals in the murine peritoneal cavity. MS05 failed to inhibit any of the inflammatory parameters either in wild-type or recessive yellow (e/e) mice. SHU9119 prevented the inhibitory actions of 2-melanocyte stimulating hormone both in vitro and in vivo while HS024 was inactive in vivo. In conclusion, agonism at MC3-R expressed on peritoneal M leads to inhibition of experimental nonimmune peritonitis in both wild-type and recessive yellow (e/e) mice.
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