| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
,
* Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97201;
Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201;
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science, University, Portland, OR 97201
There is much interest in the possible ameliorating effects of estrogen on various autoimmune diseases. We previously established the protective effects of 17
-estradiol (E2) on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In the current study we investigated the effectiveness of oral treatment with ethinyl estradiol (EE) on EAE and the mechanisms involved. Ethinyl estradiol is a semisynthetic estrogen compound found in birth control pills, and its chemical structure allows this compound to retain activity when given orally. We found that oral EE, like E2, drastically suppressed EAE induced by proteolipid protein 139–151 peptide when given at initiation of EAE. However, unlike E2, EE reduced clinical severity when given after the onset of clinical signs. Treatment with EE significantly decreased the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-
, TNF-
, and IL-6) by activated T cells as well as the expression of a key matrix metalloproteinase, disease-mediating chemokines/receptors, and IgG2a levels, but increased the expression of TGF-3 in the CNS. The absence of infiltrating lymphocytes together with the suppression of cytokines, matrix metalloproteinase, and chemokines/receptors suggests that EE, like E2, protects mice from EAE by inhibiting the recruitment of T cells and macrophages into the CNS. These results suggest that oral ethinyl estradiol might be a successful candidate as therapy for multiple sclerosis.
Related articles in The JI:
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  A. S. Brown, J. M. Davis, E. A. Murphy, M. D. Carmichael, J. A. Carson, A. Ghaffar, and E. P. Mayer Susceptibility to HSV-1 infection and exercise stress in female mice: role of estrogen J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2007; 103(5): 1592 - 1597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. H. Straub The Complex Role of Estrogens in Inflammation Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2007; 28(5): 521 - 574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W-H Zhu, C-Z Lu, Y-M Huang, H Link, and B-G Xiao A putative mechanism on remission of multiple sclerosis during pregnancy: estrogen-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by dendritic cells Multiple Sclerosis, January 1, 2007; 13(1): 33 - 40. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. B. J. Morales, K. K. Loo, H.-b. Liu, C. Peterson, S. Tiwari-Woodruff, and R. R. Voskuhl Treatment with an estrogen receptor alpha ligand is neuroprotective in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neurosci., June 21, 2006; 26(25): 6823 - 6833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Offner, S. Subramanian, S. M. Parker, C. Wang, M. E. Afentoulis, A. Lewis, A. A. Vandenbark, and P. D. Hurn Splenic Atrophy in Experimental Stroke Is Accompanied by Increased Regulatory T Cells and Circulating Macrophages. J. Immunol., June 1, 2006; 176(11): 6523 - 6531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Gonzalez-Rey, A. Fernandez-Martin, A. Chorny, J. Martin, D. Pozo, D. Ganea, and M. Delgado Therapeutic Effect of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Down-Regulation of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Responses Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 2006; 168(4): 1179 - 1188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Fintini, M. Alba, and R. Salvatori Influence of Estrogen Administration on the Growth Response to Growth Hormone (GH) in GH-Deficient Mice Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2005; 230(10): 715 - 720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Chorny, E. Gonzalez-Rey, A. Fernandez-Martin, D. Pozo, D. Ganea, and M. Delgado Vasoactive intestinal peptide induces regulatory dendritic cells with therapeutic effects on autoimmune disorders PNAS, September 20, 2005; 102(38): 13562 - 13567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Alonso, S. S. Jick, M. J. Olek, A. Ascherio, H. Jick, and M. A. Hernan Recent Use of Oral Contraceptives and the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis Arch Neurol, September 1, 2005; 62(9): 1362 - 1365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. H. van den Broek, J. G. Damoiseaux, M. H De Baets, and R. M. Hupperts The influence of sex hormones on cytokines in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a review Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 2005; 11(3): 349 - 359. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Lutton, R. Winston, and T. C. Rodman Multiple Sclerosis: Etiological Mechanisms and Future Directions Experimental Biology and Medicine, January 1, 2004; 229(1): 12 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-b. Liu, K. K. Loo, K. Palaszynski, J. Ashouri, D. B. Lubahn, and R. R. Voskuhl Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Mediates Estrogen's Immune Protection in Autoimmune Disease J. Immunol., December 15, 2003; 171(12): 6936 - 6940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
