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* Center for Biotechnology and Center for Oral Biology, Department of Bioscience at Novum, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden;
Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary;
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Stockholm Bioinformatics Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;
Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77843; and
¶ Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
IgD has been suggested to be a recently developed Ig class, only
present in rodents and primates. However, in this paper the cow, sheep,
and pig Ig 
genes have been identified and shown to be
transcriptionally active. The deduced amino acid sequences from their
cDNAs show that artiodactyl IgD H chains are structurally similar to
human IgD, where the cow, sheep, and pig IgD H chain constant regions
all contain three domains and a hinge region, sharing homologies of
43.6, 44, and 46.8% with their human counterpart, respectively.
According to a phylogenetic analysis, the C gene appears to have
been duplicated from the Cµ gene >300 million yr ago. The ruminant
µCH1 exon and its upstream region was again duplicated before the
speciation of the cow and sheep, 
20 million yr ago, inserted
upstream of the gene hinge regions, and later modified by gene
conversion. A short S (switch ) sequence resulting from the
second duplication, is located immediately upstream of the bovine C
gene and directs regular µ- class switch recombination in the cow.
The presence of C genes in artiodactyls, possibly in most mammals,
suggests that IgD may have some as yet unknown biological properties,
distinct from those of IgM, conferring a survival
advantage.
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