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,
Departments of
* Microbiology and Immunology and
Environmental Medicine and
James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642; and
Medical Research Council, Reproduction Biology Unit, Center for Reproductive Biology, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes lethal lung infections
in immunocompromised individuals such as those with cystic fibrosis.
The lethality of these infections is directly associated with
inflammation and lung tissue destruction. P. aeruginosa
produces several acylated homoserine lactones (AHL) that are important
in the regulation of bacterial virulence factors. Little is known about
the effects of AHLs on human cells. In this work we report that the AHL
N-(3-oxododecanoyl) homoserine lactone
(3O-C12-HSL) from P. aeruginosa induces
cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2, a seminal proinflammatory enzyme. When primary
normal human lung fibroblasts were exposed to 3O-C12-HSL,
an 8-fold induction in mRNA and a 35-fold increase in protein for Cox-2
were observed. In contrast, there was no substantial change in the
expression of Cox-1. We also demonstrated that the induction of Cox-2
was regulated by 3O-C12-HSL activation of the transcription
factor NF-
B. 3O-C12-HSL also stimulated an increase in
the newly discovered inducible membrane-associated PGE synthase but had
no effect on the expression of the cytosolic PGE synthase. We also
demonstrate that 3O-C12-HSL stimulated the production of
PGE2. PGE2 is known to induce mucus secretion,
vasodilation, and edema, and acts as an immunomodulatory lipid
mediator. We propose that 3O-C12-HSL induction of Cox-2,
membrane-associated PGE synthase, and PGE2 likely
contributes to the inflammation and lung pathology induced by P.
aeruginosa infections in the lung. These studies further
reinforce the concept that bacterial AHLs not only regulate bacterial
virulence but also stimulate the activities of eukaryotic cells
important for inflammation and immune defenses.
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