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The Journal of Immunology, 2002, 169: 424-433.
Copyright © 2002 by The American Association of Immunologists

Differing Activities of Homeostatic Chemokines CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL12 in Lymphocyte and Dendritic Cell Recruitment and Lymphoid Neogenesis1

Sanjiv A. Luther, Afshin Bidgol2, Diana C. Hargreaves2, Andrea Schmidt, Ying Xu, Jyothi Paniyadi, Mehrdad Matloubian and Jason G. Cyster3

Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143

Despite their widespread expression, the in vivo recruitment activities of CCL19 (EBV-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine) and CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor 1) have not been established. Furthermore, although CXCL13 (B lymphocyte chemoattractant) has been shown to induce lymphoid neogenesis through induction of lymphotoxin (LT){alpha}1{beta}2, it is unclear whether other homeostatic chemokines have this property. In this work we show that ectopic expression in pancreatic islets of CCL19 leads to small infiltrates composed of lymphocytes and dendritic cells and containing high endothelial venules and stromal cells. Ectopic CXCL12 induced small infiltrates containing few T cells but enriched in dendritic cells, B cells, and plasma cells. Comparison of CCL19 transgenic mice with mice expressing CCL21 (secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine) revealed that CCL21 induced larger and more organized infiltrates. A more significant role for CCL21 is also suggested in lymphoid tissues, as CCL21 protein was found to be present in lymph nodes and spleen at much higher concentrations than CCL19. CCL19 and CCL21 but not CXCL12 induced LT{alpha}1{beta}2 expression on naive CD4 T cells, and treatment of CCL21 transgenic mice with LT{beta}R-Fc antagonized development of organized lymphoid structures. LT{alpha}1{beta}2 was also induced on naive T cells by the cytokines IL-4 and IL-7. These studies establish that CCL19 and CXCL12 are sufficient to mediate cell recruitment in vivo and they indicate that LT{alpha}1{beta}2 may function downstream of CCL21, CCL19, and IL-2 family cytokines in normal and pathological lymphoid tissue development.




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