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Selective Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression by 15-Deoxy-^12,1412,14-prostaglandin J₂ in Activated Human Astrocytes, But Not in Human Brain Macrophages¹

Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892

Overexpression of the inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in activated brain macrophages (microglia) and astrocytes appears central to many neuroinflammatory conditions. 15-Deoxy-^12,14-PGJ₂ (15d-PGJ₂) is a ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). It has been proposed as an inhibitor of microglial activation, based on the study of iNOS down-regulation in rodent microglia. Because iNOS induction after cytokine activation remains controversial in human microglia, we examined the effect of 15d-PGJ₂ and other PPAR agonists on human microglia and astrocytes, using COX-2 induction as an index of activation. We found that PPAR ligands (clofibrate and WY14643) enhanced IL-1-induced COX-2 expression in human astrocytes and microglia, while inhibiting IL-1 plus IFN- induction of iNOS in astrocytes. This is the first description of an inhibition of iNOS uncoupled from that of COX-2. 15d-PGJ₂ suppressed COX-2 induction in human astrocytes. It prevented NF-B binding to the COX-2 promoter through a new pathway that is the repression of NF-Bp50 induction by IL-1. In contrast, 15d-PGJ₂ increased c-Jun and c-Fos DNA-binding activity in astrocytes, which may result in the activation of other inflammatory pathways. In human microglia, no effect of 15d-PGJ₂ on COX-2 and NF-Bp65/p50 induction was observed. However, the entry of 15d-PGJ₂ occurred in microglia because STAT-1 and c-Jun expression was modulated. Our data suggest the existence of novel pathways mediated by 15d-PGJ₂ in human astrocytes. They also demonstrate that, unlike astrocytes and peripheral macrophages or rodent brain macrophages, human microglia are not subject to the anti-inflammatory effect of 15d-PGJ₂ in terms of COX-2 inhibition.

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