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B Activation Induced by TNF and H2O2, But Not That Activated by Ceramide, Lipopolysaccharides, or Phorbol Ester1
Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
Thalidomide ([+]-
-phthalimidoglutarimide), a psychoactive drug
that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, has been shown to exhibit
anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and immunosuppressive properties
through a mechanism that is not fully established. Due to the central
role of NF-
B in these responses, we postulated that thalidomide
mediates its effects through suppression of NF-
B activation. We
investigated the effects of thalidomide on NF-
B activation induced
by various inflammatory agents in Jurkat cells. The treatment of these
cells with thalidomide suppressed TNF-induced NF-
B activation, with
optimum effect occurring at 50 µg/ml thalidomide. These effects were
not restricted to T cells, as other hematopoietic and epithelial cell
types were also inhibited. Thalidomide suppressed
H2O2-induced NF-
B activation but had no
effect on NF-
B activation induced by PMA, LPS, okadaic acid, or
ceramide, suggesting selectivity in suppression of NF-
B. The
suppression of TNF-induced NF-
B activation by thalidomide correlated
with partial inhibition of TNF-induced degradation of an inhibitory
subunit of NF-
B (I
B
), abrogation of I
B
kinase
activation, and inhibition of NF-
B-dependent reporter gene
expression. Thalidomide abolished the NF-
B-dependent reporter gene
expression activated by overexpression of TNFR1, TNFR-associated
factor-2, and NF-
B-inducing kinase, but not that activated by the
p65 subunit of NF-
B. Overall, our results clearly demonstrate that
thalidomide suppresses NF-
B activation specifically induced by TNF
and H2O2 and that this may contribute to its
role in suppression of proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and
the immune system.
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