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The Journal of Immunology, 2002, 168: 2644-2651.
Copyright © 2002 by The American Association of Immunologists

Thalidomide Suppresses NF-{kappa}B Activation Induced by TNF and H2O2, But Not That Activated by Ceramide, Lipopolysaccharides, or Phorbol Ester1

Sekhar Majumdar, Betty Lamothe and Bharat B. Aggarwal2

Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030

Thalidomide ([+]-{alpha}-phthalimidoglutarimide), a psychoactive drug that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and immunosuppressive properties through a mechanism that is not fully established. Due to the central role of NF-{kappa}B in these responses, we postulated that thalidomide mediates its effects through suppression of NF-{kappa}B activation. We investigated the effects of thalidomide on NF-{kappa}B activation induced by various inflammatory agents in Jurkat cells. The treatment of these cells with thalidomide suppressed TNF-induced NF-{kappa}B activation, with optimum effect occurring at 50 µg/ml thalidomide. These effects were not restricted to T cells, as other hematopoietic and epithelial cell types were also inhibited. Thalidomide suppressed H2O2-induced NF-{kappa}B activation but had no effect on NF-{kappa}B activation induced by PMA, LPS, okadaic acid, or ceramide, suggesting selectivity in suppression of NF-{kappa}B. The suppression of TNF-induced NF-{kappa}B activation by thalidomide correlated with partial inhibition of TNF-induced degradation of an inhibitory subunit of NF-{kappa}B (I{kappa}B{alpha}), abrogation of I{kappa}B{alpha} kinase activation, and inhibition of NF-{kappa}B-dependent reporter gene expression. Thalidomide abolished the NF-{kappa}B-dependent reporter gene expression activated by overexpression of TNFR1, TNFR-associated factor-2, and NF-{kappa}B-inducing kinase, but not that activated by the p65 subunit of NF-{kappa}B. Overall, our results clearly demonstrate that thalidomide suppresses NF-{kappa}B activation specifically induced by TNF and H2O2 and that this may contribute to its role in suppression of proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and the immune system.




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