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Departments of
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Molecular Biology,
Biomolecular Screening,
Protein Chemistry, and
Immunobiology, Immunex, Seattle, WA 98101
The UL16-binding proteins (ULBPs) are a novel family of MHC class
I-related molecules that were identified as targets of the human CMV
glycoprotein, UL16. We have previously shown that ULBP expression
renders a relatively resistant target cell sensitive to NK
cytotoxicity, presumably by engaging NKG2D, an activating receptor
expressed by NK and other immune effector cells. In this study we show
that NKG2D is the ULBP counterstructure on primary NK cells and that
its expression is up-regulated by IL-15 stimulation. Soluble forms of
ULBPs induce marked protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and activation of
the Janus kinase 2, STAT5, extracellular signal-regulated kinase,
mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI
3-kinase)/Akt signal transduction pathways. ULBP-induced activation of
Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase and ULBP-induced IFN-
production are blocked by inhibitors of PI 3-kinase, consistent with
the known binding of PI 3-kinase to DAP10, the membrane-bound
signal-transducing subunit of the NKG2D receptor. While all three ULBPs
activate the same signaling pathways, ULBP3 was found to bind weakly
and to induce the weakest signal. In summary, we have shown that NKG2D
is the ULBP counterstructure on primary NK cells and for the first time
have identified signaling pathways that are activated by NKG2D ligands.
These results increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which
NKG2D activates immune effector cells and may have implications for
immune surveillance against pathogens and tumors.
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