| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family mediate dorsoventral patterning and cellular adhesion in insects as well as immune responses to microbial products in both insects and mammals. TLRs are characterized by extracellular leucine-rich repeat domains and an intracellular signaling domain that shares homology with cytoplasmic sequences of the mammalian IL-1 receptor and plant disease resistance genes. Ten human TLRs have been cloned as well as RP105, a protein similar to TLR4 but lacking the intracellular signaling domain. However, only five TLRs have described functions as receptors for bacterial products (e.g., LPS, lipoproteins). To identify potential sites of action, we used quantitative real-time RT-PCR to examine systematically the expression of mRNAs encoding all known human TLRs, RP105, and several other proteins important in TLR functions (e.g., MD-1, MD-2, CD14, MyD88). Most tissues tested expressed at least one TLR, and several expressed all (spleen, peripheral blood leukocytes). Analysis of TLR expression in fractionated primary human leukocytes (CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, monocytes, and granulocytes) indicates that professional phagocytes express the greatest variety of TLR mRNAs although several TLRs appear more restricted to B cells, suggesting additional roles for TLRs in adaptive immunity. Monocyte-like THP-1 cells regulate TLR mRNA levels in response to a variety of stimuli including phorbol esters, LPS, bacterial lipoproteins, live bacteria, and cytokines. Furthermore, addition of Escherichia coli to human blood ex vivo caused distinct changes in TLR expression, suggesting that important roles exist for these receptors in the establishment and resolution of infections and inflammation.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  V. M. Abrahams, P. B. Aldo, S. P. Murphy, I. Visintin, K. Koga, G. Wilson, R. Romero, S. Sharma, and G. Mor TLR6 Modulates First Trimester Trophoblast Responses to Peptidoglycan J. Immunol., May 1, 2008; 180(9): 6035 - 6043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. K. Juckem, K. W. Boehme, A. L. Feire, and T. Compton Differential Initiation of Innate Immune Responses Induced by Human Cytomegalovirus Entry into Fibroblast Cells J. Immunol., April 1, 2008; 180(7): 4965 - 4977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Knuefermann, M. Schwederski, M. Velten, P. Krings, H. Ehrentraut, M. Rudiger, O. Boehm, K. Fink, U. Dreiner, C. Grohe, et al. Bacterial DNA induces myocardial inflammation and reduces cardiomyocyte contractility: role of Toll-like receptor 9 Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2008; 78(1): 26 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Forsbach, J.-G. Nemorin, C. Montino, C. Muller, U. Samulowitz, A. P. Vicari, M. Jurk, G. K. Mutwiri, A. M. Krieg, G. B. Lipford, et al. Identification of RNA Sequence Motifs Stimulating Sequence-Specific TLR8-Dependent Immune Responses J. Immunol., March 15, 2008; 180(6): 3729 - 3738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. F. LaRosa, J. S. Stumhofer, A. E. Gelman, A. H. Rahman, D. K. Taylor, C. A. Hunter, and L. A. Turka T cell expression of MyD88 is required for resistance to Toxoplasma gondii PNAS, March 11, 2008; 105(10): 3855 - 3860. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Frolova, P. Drastich, P. Rossmann, K. Klimesova, and H. Tlaskalova-Hogenova Expression of Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, and CD14 in Biopsy Samples of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Upregulated Expression of TLR2 in Terminal Ileum of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis J. Histochem. Cytochem., March 1, 2008; 56(3): 267 - 274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Gantier, S. Tong, M. A. Behlke, D. Xu, S. Phipps, P. S. Foster, and B. R. G. Williams TLR7 Is Involved in Sequence-Specific Sensing of Single-Stranded RNAs in Human Macrophages J. Immunol., February 15, 2008; 180(4): 2117 - 2124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Tissieres, I. Dunn-Siegrist, M. Schappi, G. Elson, R. Comte, V. Nobre, and J. Pugin Soluble MD-2 is an acute-phase protein and an opsonin for Gram-negative bacteria Blood, February 15, 2008; 111(4): 2122 - 2131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Piao, C. Song, H. Chen, L. M. Wahl, K. A. Fitzgerald, L. A. O'Neill, and A. E. Medvedev Tyrosine Phosphorylation of MyD88 Adapter-like (Mal) Is Critical for Signal Transduction and Blocked in Endotoxin Tolerance J. Biol. Chem., February 8, 2008; 283(6): 3109 - 3119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Mendez-Samperio, A. Trejo, and A. Perez Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Induces CCL5 Secretion via the Toll-Like Receptor 2-NF-{kappa}B and -Jun N-Terminal Kinase Signaling Pathways Clin. Vaccine Immunol., February 1, 2008; 15(2): 277 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Fukata, K. Breglio, A. Chen, A. S. Vamadevan, T. Goo, D. Hsu, D. Conduah, R. Xu, and M. T. Abreu The Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 (MyD88) Is Required for CD4+ T Cell Effector Function in a Murine Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease J. Immunol., February 1, 2008; 180(3): 1886 - 1894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. P. Mollen, R. M. Levy, J. M. Prince, R. A. Hoffman, M. J. Scott, D. J. Kaczorowski, R. Vallabhaneni, Y. Vodovotz, and T. R. Billiar Systemic inflammation and end organ damage following trauma involves functional TLR4 signaling in both bone marrow-derived cells and parenchymal cells J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2008; 83(1): 80 - 88. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Fitzner, S. Clauberg, F. Essmann, J. Liebmann, and V. Kolb-Bachofen Human Skin Endothelial Cells Can Express All 10 TLR Genes and Respond to Respective Ligands Clin. Vaccine Immunol., January 1, 2008; 15(1): 138 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Teghanemt, P. Prohinar, T. L. Gioannini, and J. P. Weiss Transfer of Monomeric Endotoxin from MD-2 to CD14: CHARACTERIZATION AND FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES J. Biol. Chem., December 14, 2007; 282(50): 36250 - 36256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Sivori, M. Falco, S. Carlomagno, E. Romeo, L. Moretta, and A. Moretta Heterogeneity of TLR3 mRNA transcripts and responsiveness to poly (I:C) in human NK cells derived from different donors Int. Immunol., December 1, 2007; 19(12): 1341 - 1348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Johnson and R. I. Tapping Microbial Products Stimulate Human Toll-like Receptor 2 Expression through Histone Modification Surrounding a Proximal NF-{kappa}B-binding Site J. Biol. Chem., October 26, 2007; 282(43): 31197 - 31205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Lichtinger, R. Ingram, M. Hornef, C. Bonifer, and M. Rehli Transcription Factor PU.1 Controls Transcription Start Site Positioning and Alternative TLR4 Promoter Usage J. Biol. Chem., September 14, 2007; 282(37): 26874 - 26883. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Marshall, D. S. Heeke, M. L. Gesner, B. Livingston, and G. Van Nest Negative regulation of TLR9-mediated IFN-{alpha} induction by a small-molecule, synthetic TLR7 ligand J. Leukoc. Biol., September 1, 2007; 82(3): 497 - 508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-R. Sarrias, M. Farnos, R. Mota, F. Sanchez-Barbero, A. Ibanez, I. Gimferrer, J. Vera, R. Fenutria, C. Casals, J. Yelamos, et al. CD6 binds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns and protects from LPS-induced septic shock PNAS, July 10, 2007; 104(28): 11724 - 11729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sel, M. Wegmann, S. Sel, S. Bauer, H. Garn, G. Alber, and H. Renz Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral TLR Ligands on Experimental Asthma Depend on the Additive Effects of IL-12 and IL-10 J. Immunol., June 15, 2007; 178(12): 7805 - 7813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J. Brown, H. R. Lock, T. G.A.M. Wolfs, W. A. Buurman, S. H. Sacks, and M. G. Robson Toll-Like Receptor 4 Ligation on Intrinsic Renal Cells Contributes to the Induction of Antibody-Mediated Glomerulonephritis via CXCL1 and CXCL2 J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., June 1, 2007; 18(6): 1732 - 1739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Koga and G. Mor Toll-like Receptors and Pregnancy Reproductive Sciences, May 1, 2007; 14(4): 297 - 299. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Ilievski, S.-J. Lu, and E. Hirsch Activation of Toll-like Receptors 2 or 3 and Preterm Delivery in the Mouse Reproductive Sciences, May 1, 2007; 14(4): 315 - 320. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L Simpson, T. V Grissell, J. Douwes, R. J Scott, M. J Boyle, and P. G Gibson Innate immune activation in neutrophilic asthma and bronchiectasis Thorax, March 1, 2007; 62(3): 211 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Zhou, H. Wei, and Z. Tian NK3-Like NK Cells Are Involved in Protective Effect of Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid on Type 1 Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice J. Immunol., February 15, 2007; 178(4): 2141 - 2147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Aflatoonian, E. Tuckerman, S.L. Elliott, C. Bruce, A. Aflatoonian, T.C. Li, and A. Fazeli Menstrual cycle-dependent changes of Toll-like receptors in endometrium Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2007; 22(2): 586 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Skerrett, C. B. Wilson, H. D. Liggitt, and A. M. Hajjar Redundant Toll-like receptor signaling in the pulmonary host response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): L312 - L322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Tabiasco, E. Devevre, N. Rufer, B. Salaun, J.-C. Cerottini, D. Speiser, and P. Romero Human Effector CD8+ T Lymphocytes Express TLR3 as a Functional Coreceptor J. Immunol., December 15, 2006; 177(12): 8708 - 8713. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Wang, Y. Shao, T. A. Bennett, R. A. Shankar, P. D. Wightman, and L. G. Reddy The Functional Effects of Physical Interactions among Toll-like Receptors 7, 8, and 9 J. Biol. Chem., December 8, 2006; 281(49): 37427 - 37434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H. Boyd, M. Divangahi, L. Yahiaoui, D. Gvozdic, S. Qureshi, and B. J. Petrof Toll-Like Receptors Differentially Regulate CC and CXC Chemokines in Skeletal Muscle via NF-{kappa}B and Calcineurin Infect. Immun., December 1, 2006; 74(12): 6829 - 6838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Shirey, J.-Y. Jung, and J. M. Carlin Up-Regulation of Gamma Interferon Receptor Expression Due to Chlamydia-Toll-Like Receptor Interaction Does Not Enhance Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 Signaling Infect. Immun., December 1, 2006; 74(12): 6877 - 6884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Hwa Cho, Y. C. Bae, and J. S. Jung Role of Toll-Like Receptors on Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Stem Cells, December 1, 2006; 24(12): 2744 - 2752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Lazarus, M. J. Meadows, R. E. Lintner, and R. M. Wooten IL-10 Deficiency Promotes Increased Borrelia burgdorferi Clearance Predominantly through Enhanced Innate Immune Responses J. Immunol., November 15, 2006; 177(10): 7076 - 7085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q. M. Nhu, N. Cuesta, and S. N. Vogel Transcriptional regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in murine macrophages: role of interferon regulatory factors 1 (IRF-1) and 2 (IRF-2) Innate Immunity, October 1, 2006; 12(5): 285 - 295. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. A. Maris, M. C. Dessing, A. F. de Vos, P. Bresser, J. S. van der Zee, H. M. Jansen, C. A. Spek, and T. van der Poll Toll-like receptor mRNA levels in alveolar macrophages after inhalation of endotoxin. Eur. Respir. J., September 1, 2006; 28(3): 622 - 626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ciabattini, A. M. Cuppone, R. Pulimeno, F. Iannelli, G. Pozzi, and D. Medaglini Stimulation of Human Monocytes with the Gram-Positive Vaccine Vector Streptococcus gordonii. Clin. Vaccine Immunol., September 1, 2006; 13(9): 1037 - 1043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Wang, M. W. Nicholas, K. L. Conway, P. Sen, R. Diz, R. M. Tisch, and S. H. Clarke EBV Latent Membrane Protein 2A Induces Autoreactive B Cell Activation and TLR Hypersensitivity. J. Immunol., September 1, 2006; 177(5): 2793 - 2802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. M. Abrahams, T. M. Schaefer, J. V. Fahey, I. Visintin, J. A. Wright, P. B. Aldo, R. Romero, C. R. Wira, and G. Mor Expression and secretion of antiviral factors by trophoblast cells following stimulation by the TLR-3 agonist, Poly(I : C) Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2006; 21(9): 2432 - 2439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Miyake Invited review: Roles for accessory molecules in microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors Innate Immunity, August 1, 2006; 12(4): 195 - 204. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J. Brown, H. R. Lock, S. H. Sacks, and M. G. Robson TLR2 Stimulation of Intrinsic Renal Cells in the Induction of Immune-Mediated Glomerulonephritis J. Immunol., August 1, 2006; 177(3): 1925 - 1931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. ARRANZ, C. ABAD, Y. JUARRANZ, M. TORROBA, F. ROSIGNOLI, J. LECETA, R. P. GOMARIZ, and C. MARTINEZ Effect of VIP on TLR2 and TLR4 Expression in Lymph Node Immune Cells During TNBS-Induced Colitis Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., July 1, 2006; 1070(1): 129 - 134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. S. Gorski, E. L. Waller, J. Bjornton-Severson, J. A. Hanten, C. L. Riter, W. C. Kieper, K. B. Gorden, J. S. Miller, J. P. Vasilakos, M. A. Tomai, et al. Distinct indirect pathways govern human NK-cell activation by TLR-7 and TLR-8 agonists Int. Immunol., July 1, 2006; 18(7): 1115 - 1126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J. Brown, S. H. Sacks, and M. G. Robson Toll-Like Receptor 2 Agonists Exacerbate Accelerated Nephrotoxic Nephritis J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2006; 17(7): 1931 - 1939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Sfondrini, A. Rossini, D. Besusso, A. Merlo, E. Tagliabue, S. Menard, and A. Balsari Antitumor Activity of the TLR-5 Ligand Flagellin in Mouse Models of Cancer. J. Immunol., June 1, 2006; 176(11): 6624 - 6630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Liu, M. Komai-Koma, D. Xu, and F. Y. Liew Toll-like receptor 2 signaling modulates the functions of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells PNAS, May 2, 2006; 103(18): 7048 - 7053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Moisan, P. Camateros, T. Thuraisingam, D. Marion, H. Koohsari, P. Martin, M. L. Boghdady, A. Ding, M. Gaestel, M. C. Guiot, et al. TLR7 ligand prevents allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia in allergic asthma by a MYD88-dependent and MK2-independent pathway Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, May 1, 2006; 290(5): L987 - L995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. M. El-Achkar, X. Huang, Z. Plotkin, R. M. Sandoval, G. J. Rhodes, and P. C. Dagher Sepsis induces changes in the expression and distribution of Toll-like receptor 4 in the rat kidney Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, May 1, 2006; 290(5): F1034 - F1043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. T. Qureshi, X. Zhang, E. Aberg, N. Bousette, A. Giaid, P. Shan, R. M. Medzhitov, and P. J. Lee Inducible Activation of TLR4 Confers Resistance to Hyperoxia-Induced Pulmonary Apoptosis. J. Immunol., April 15, 2006; 176(8): 4950 - 4958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Babu, C. P. Blauvelt, V. Kumaraswami, and T. B. Nutman Cutting Edge: Diminished T Cell TLR Expression and Function Modulates the Immune Response in Human Filarial Infection J. Immunol., April 1, 2006; 176(7): 3885 - 3889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. LeBouder, J. E. Rey-Nores, A.-C. Raby, M. Affolter, K. Vidal, C. A. Thornton, and M. O. Labeta Modulation of Neonatal Microbial Recognition: TLR-Mediated Innate Immune Responses Are Specifically and Differentially Modulated by Human Milk J. Immunol., March 15, 2006; 176(6): 3742 - 3752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Wornle, H. Schmid, B. Banas, M. Merkle, A. Henger, M. Roeder, S. Blattner, E. Bock, M. Kretzler, H.-J. Grone, et al. Novel Role of Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Hepatitis C-Associated Glomerulonephritis Am. J. Pathol., February 1, 2006; 168(2): 370 - 385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Wesch, S. Beetz, H.-H. Oberg, M. Marget, K. Krengel, and D. Kabelitz Direct Costimulatory Effect of TLR3 Ligand Poly(I:C) on Human {gamma}{delta} T Lymphocytes J. Immunol., February 1, 2006; 176(3): 1348 - 1354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. M. Abrahams, I. Visintin, P. B. Aldo, S. Guller, R. Romero, and G. Mor A Role for TLRs in the Regulation of Immune Cell Migration by First Trimester Trophoblast Cells J. Immunol., December 15, 2005; 175(12): 8096 - 8104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-M. Chen, S. P. O'Hara, J. B. Nelson, P. L. Splinter, A. J. Small, P. S. Tietz, A. H. Limper, and N. F. LaRusso Multiple TLRs Are Expressed in Human Cholangiocytes and Mediate Host Epithelial Defense Responses to Cryptosporidium parvum via Activation of NF-{kappa}B J. Immunol., December 1, 2005; 175(11): 7447 - 7456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Wang, K. Abel, K. Lantz, A. M. Krieg, M. B. McChesney, and C. J. Miller The Toll-Like Receptor 7 (TLR7) Agonist, Imiquimod, and the TLR9 Agonist, CpG ODN, Induce Antiviral Cytokines and Chemokines but Do Not Prevent Vaginal Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus When Applied Intravaginally to Rhesus Macaques J. Virol., November 15, 2005; 79(22): 14355 - 14370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. T. Schroeder, A. P. Bieneman, H. Xiao, K. L. Chichester, K. Vasagar, S. Saini, and M. C. Liu TLR9- and Fc{epsilon}RI-Mediated Responses Oppose One Another in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells by Down-Regulating Receptor Expression J. Immunol., November 1, 2005; 175(9): 5724 - 5731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. Sanghavi and T. A. Reinhart Increased Expression of TLR3 in Lymph Nodes during Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Implications for Inflammation and Immunodeficiency J. Immunol., October 15, 2005; 175(8): 5314 - 5323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Caron, D. Duluc, I. Fremaux, P. Jeannin, C. David, H. Gascan, and Y. Delneste Direct Stimulation of Human T Cells via TLR5 and TLR7/8: Flagellin and R-848 Up-Regulate Proliferation and IFN-{gamma} Production by Memory CD4+ T Cells J. Immunol., August 1, 2005; 175(3): 1551 - 1557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Babu, C. P. Blauvelt, V. Kumaraswami, and T. B. Nutman Diminished Expression and Function of TLR in Lymphatic Filariasis: A Novel Mechanism of Immune Dysregulation J. Immunol., July 15, 2005; 175(2): 1170 - 1176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Bernasconi, M. Barberis, F. Baggi, L. Passerini, M. Cannone, E. Arnoldi, L. Novellino, F. Cornelio, and R. Mantegazza Increased Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression in Thymus of Myasthenic Patients with Thymitis and Thymic Involution Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2005; 167(1): 129 - 139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
