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B
Degradation Using a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-
-Independent Mechanism1

* Rayne Laboratory, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Medical Research Council Center for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
Cell Biology Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
Many inflammatory mediators retard granulocyte apoptosis. Most
natural PGs studied herein (e.g., PGE2, PGA2,
PGA1, PGF2
) either delayed apoptosis or had
no effect, whereas PGD2 and its metabolite PGJ2
selectively induced eosinophil, but not neutrophil apoptosis. This
novel proapoptotic effect does not appear to be mediated via classical
PG receptor ligation or by elevation of intracellular cAMP or
Ca2+. Intriguingly, the sequential metabolites
12PGJ2 and 15-deoxy-
12,
14-PGJ2 (15dPGJ2) induced
caspase-dependent apoptosis in both granulocytes, an effect that did
not involve de novo protein synthesis. Despite the fact that
12PGJ2 and 15dPGJ2 are
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-
(PPAR-
) activators,
apoptosis was not mimicked by synthetic PPAR-
and PPAR-
ligands
or blocked by an irreversible PPAR-
antagonist. Furthermore,
12PGJ2 and 15dPGJ2 inhibited
LPS-induced I
B
degradation and subsequent inhibition of
neutrophil apoptosis, suggesting that apoptosis is mediated via
PPAR-
-independent inhibition of NF-
B activation. In addition, we
show that TNF-
-mediated loss of cytoplasmic I
B
in eosinophils
is inhibited by 15dPGJ2 in a concentration-dependent
manner. The selective induction of eosinophil apoptosis by
PGD2 and PGJ2 may help define novel therapeutic
pathways in diseases in which it would be desirable to specifically
remove eosinophils but retain neutrophils for antibacterial host
defense. The powerful proapoptotic effects of
12PGJ2 and 15dPGJ2 in both
granulocyte types suggest that these natural products control the
longevity of key inflammatory cells and may be relevant to
understanding the control and resolution of
inflammation.
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