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* Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Technion, Haifa, Israel; and
Department of Gene Regulation and Differentiation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung, Braunschweig, Germany
Type I IFNs cause the induction of a subset of genes termed
IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which harbor a specific DNA element,
IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE). This ISRE confers the
responsiveness to the IFN signal through the binding of a family of
transcription factors designated IFN regulatory factors (IRFs). Some
IRFs can bind to the DNA alone, such as IRF-1, which elicits
transcriptional activation, or IRF-2, which leads to transcriptional
repression. In addition, these factors associate with IRF-8/IFN
consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP), an immune cell-restricted
IRF, and the assembled heterocomplexes lead to synergistic repression
of ISRE elements. ISG15 is a prototype ISG that contains a
well-characterized ISRE. Here we show that PU.1, an ETS member
essential for myeloid/lymphoid cell differentiation, forms
heterocomplexes with the immune-restricted IRFs, IRF-8\/ICSBP and
IRF-4, which lead to transcriptional activation of ISG15. These data
allowed the characterization of a subset of ISREs designated ETS/IRF
response element (EIRE), which are differentially regulated in immune
cells. EIREs are unique in their ability to recruit different factors
to an assembled enhanceosomes. In nonimmune cells the factors will
mainly include IRF members, while cell type-restricted factors, such as
PU.1, IRF-8\/ICSBP, and IRF-4, will be recruited in immune cells. IRF
heterocomplex formation leads to transcriptional repression, and
conversely, PU.1/IRFs heterocomplex formation leads to transcriptional
activation. The fact that IRF-8\/ICSBP is an IFN-
-induced factor
explains why some of the EIREs are also induced by type II IFN. Our
results lay the molecular basis for the unique regulation of ISGs,
harboring EIRE, in immune cells.
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