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*
Department of Microbiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;
Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, and
Department of Mucosal Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan;
Department of Microbiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan;
¶ Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;
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Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, and
#
Laboratory of Anatomy, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
We have revealed that 100–200 clusters, filled with closely
packed lymphocytes, can be found throughout the length of the
antimesenteric wall of the mouse small intestine. They are
composed of a large B cell area, including a germinal center, and
epithelia overlying the clusters contain M cells. A large fraction of B
cells displays
B220+CD19+CD23+IgMlowIgDhighCD5-Mac-1-
phenotype, and the composition of IgA+ B cells is smaller
but substantial. To our knowledge, these clusters are the first
identification of isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF) in mouse small
intestine. ILF can be first detected at 7 (BALB/c mice) and 25 (C57BL/6
mice) days after birth, and lymphoid clusters equivalent in terms of
cellular mass to ILF are present in germfree, athymic nude,
RAG-2-/-, TCR-
-/-, and Ig
µ-chain mutant (µm-/-) mice, although
c-kit+ cells outnumber B220+ cells
in germfree and athymic nude mice, and most lymphoid residents are
c-kit+B220- in
RAG-2-/-, TCR--/-, and
µm-/- mice. ILF develop normally in the progeny
of transplacentally manipulated Peyer’s patch (PP)-deficient mice, and
decreased numbers of conspicuously atrophied ILF are present in
IL-7R
-/- PPnull mice. Neither ILF nor PP
are detectable in lymphotoxin -/- and
aly/aly mice that retain well-developed cryptopatches
(CP) and thymus-independent subsets of intraepithelial T cells, whereas
ILF, PP, CP, and thymus-independent subsets of intraepithelial T cells
disappear from common cytokine receptor 
-chain mutant mice. These
findings indicate that ILF, PP, and CP constitute three distinct
organized gut-associated lymphoid tissues that reside in the lamina
propria of the mouse small intestine.
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A. Lugering, T. Kucharzik, D. Soler, D. Picarella, J. T. Hudson III, and I. R. Williams Lymphoid Precursors in Intestinal Cryptopatches Express CCR6 and Undergo Dysregulated Development in the Absence of CCR6 J. Immunol., September 1, 2003; 171(5): 2208 - 2215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. G. Lorenz, D. D. Chaplin, K. G. McDonald, J. S. McDonough, and R. D. Newberry Isolated Lymphoid Follicle Formation Is Inducible and Dependent Upon Lymphotoxin-Sufficient B Lymphocytes, Lymphotoxin {beta} Receptor, and TNF Receptor I Function J. Immunol., June 1, 2003; 170(11): 5475 - 5482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Gardby, J. Wrammert, K. Schon, L. Ekman, T. Leanderson, and N. Lycke Strong Differential Regulation of Serum and Mucosal IgA Responses as Revealed in CD28-Deficient Mice Using Cholera Toxin Adjuvant J. Immunol., January 1, 2003; 170(1): 55 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. W. Spahn, H. Herbst, P. D. Rennert, N. Lugering, C. Maaser, M. Kraft, A. Fontana, H. L. Weiner, W. Domschke, and T. Kucharzik Induction of Colitis in Mice Deficient of Peyer's Patches and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes Is Associated with Increased Disease Severity and Formation of Colonic Lymphoid Patches Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2002; 161(6): 2273 - 2282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Fagarasan, M. Muramatsu, K. Suzuki, H. Nagaoka, H. Hiai, and T. Honjo Critical Roles of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase in the Homeostasis of Gut Flora Science, November 15, 2002; 298(5597): 1424 - 1427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Nishiyama, H. Hamada, S. Nonaka, H. Yamamoto, M. Nanno, Y. Katayama, H. Takahashi, and H. Ishikawa Homeostatic Regulation of Intestinal Villous Epithelia by B Lymphocytes J. Immunol., March 15, 2002; 168(6): 2626 - 2633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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