| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
*
Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132;
Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; and
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins activate inflammatory cells through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), suggesting that TLR2 could play a pivotal role in the host response to B. burgdorferi. TLR2 does play a critical role in host defense, as infected TLR2-/- mice harbored up to 100-fold more spirochetes in tissues than did TLR2+/+ littermates. Spirochetes persisted at extremely elevated levels in TLR2-deficient mice for at least 8 wk following infection. Infected TLR2-/- mice developed normal Borrelia-specific Ab responses, as measured by quantity of Borrelia-specific Ig isotypes, the kinetics of class switching to IgG, and the complexity of the Ags recognized. These findings indicate that the failure to control spirochete levels in tissues is not due to an impaired acquired immune response. While macrophages from TLR2-/- mice were not responsive to lipoproteins, they did respond to nonlipoprotein components of sonicated spirochetes. These TLR2-independent responses could play a role during the inflammatory response to B. burgdorferi, as infected TLR2-/- mice developed greater ankle swelling than wild-type littermates. Thus, while TLR2-dependent signaling pathways play a major role in the innate host defense to B. burgdorferi, both inflammatory responses and the development of the acquired humoral response can occur in the absence of TLR2.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. S. Chandran, D. Verhoeven, J. R. Teijaro, M. J. Fenton, and D. L. Farber TLR2 Engagement on Dendritic Cells Promotes High Frequency Effector and Memory CD4 T Cell Responses J. Immunol., December 15, 2009; 183(12): 7832 - 7841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Petzke, A. Brooks, M. A. Krupna, D. Mordue, and I. Schwartz Recognition of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme Disease Spirochete, by TLR7 and TLR9 Induces a Type I IFN Response by Human Immune Cells J. Immunol., October 15, 2009; 183(8): 5279 - 5292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. L. Koening, J. C. Miller, J. M. Nelson, D. M. Ward, J. P. Kushner, L. K. Bockenstedt, J. J. Weis, J. Kaplan, and I. De Domenico Toll-like receptors mediate induction of hepcidin in mice infected with Borrelia burgdorferi Blood, August 27, 2009; 114(9): 1913 - 1918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Liu, A. A. Belperron, C. J. Booth, and L. K. Bockenstedt The Caspase 1 Inflammasome Is Not Required for Control of Murine Lyme Borreliosis Infect. Immun., August 1, 2009; 77(8): 3320 - 3327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Han, H. Yu, C. Tian, S. Li, M. R. Jacobs, C. Benedict-Alderfer, and Q. Y. Zheng Role for Toll-Like Receptor 2 in the Immune Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Mouse Otitis Media Infect. Immun., July 1, 2009; 77(7): 3100 - 3108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Puliti, S. Uematsu, S. Akira, F. Bistoni, and L. Tissi Toll-Like Receptor 2 Deficiency Is Associated with Enhanced Severity of Group B Streptococcal Disease Infect. Immun., April 1, 2009; 77(4): 1524 - 1531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Malkiel, C. J. Kuhlow, P. Mena, and J. L. Benach The Loss and Gain of Marginal Zone and Peritoneal B Cells Is Different in Response to Relapsing Fever and Lyme Disease Borrelia J. Immunol., January 1, 2009; 182(1): 498 - 506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Miller, Y. Ma, J. Bian, K. C. F. Sheehan, J. F. Zachary, J. H. Weis, R. D. Schreiber, and J. J. Weis A Critical Role for Type I IFN in Arthritis Development following Borrelia burgdorferi Infection of Mice J. Immunol., December 15, 2008; 181(12): 8492 - 8503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. S. Shin, R. R. Isberg, S. Akira, S. Uematsu, A. K. Behera, and L. T. Hu Distinct Roles for MyD88 and Toll-Like Receptors 2, 5, and 9 in Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi and Cytokine Induction Infect. Immun., June 1, 2008; 76(6): 2341 - 2351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Woods, P. Soulas-Sprauel, B. Jaulhac, B. Arditi, A.-M. Knapp, J.-L. Pasquali, A.-S. Korganow, and T. Martin MyD88 Negatively Controls Hypergammaglobulinemia with Autoantibody Production during Bacterial Infection Infect. Immun., April 1, 2008; 76(4): 1657 - 1667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Lazarus, M. A. Kay, A. L. McCarter, and R. M. Wooten Viable Borrelia burgdorferi Enhances Interleukin-10 Production and Suppresses Activation of Murine Macrophages Infect. Immun., March 1, 2008; 76(3): 1153 - 1162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. R. Cruz, M. W. Moore, C. J. La Vake, C. H. Eggers, J. C. Salazar, and J. D. Radolf Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Potentiates Innate Immune Activation and Induces Apoptosis in Human Monocytes Infect. Immun., January 1, 2008; 76(1): 56 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. T. Nardelli, S. M. Callister, and R. F. Schell Lyme Arthritis: Current Concepts and a Change in Paradigm Clin. Vaccine Immunol., January 1, 2008; 15(1): 21 - 34. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Izadi, A. T. Motameni, T. C. Bates, E. R. Olivera, V. Villar-Suarez, I. Joshi, R. Garg, B. A. Osborne, R. J. Davis, M. Rincon, et al. c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase 1 Is Required for Toll-Like Receptor 1 Gene Expression in Macrophages Infect. Immun., October 1, 2007; 75(10): 5027 - 5034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Rupprecht, C. J. Kirschning, B. Popp, S. Kastenbauer, V. Fingerle, H.-W. Pfister, and U. Koedel Borrelia garinii Induces CXCL13 Production in Human Monocytes through Toll-Like Receptor 2 Infect. Immun., September 1, 2007; 75(9): 4351 - 4356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Woodman, A. E. Cooley, J. C. Miller, J. J. Lazarus, K. Tucker, T. Bykowski, M. Botto, J. Hellwage, R. M. Wooten, and B. Stevenson Borrelia burgdorferi Binding of Host Complement Regulator Factor H Is Not Required for Efficient Mammalian Infection Infect. Immun., June 1, 2007; 75(6): 3131 - 3139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Hoffmann, J. S. Braun, D. Becker, A. Halle, D. Freyer, E. Dagand, S. Lehnardt, and J. R. Weber TLR2 Mediates Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Damage J. Immunol., May 15, 2007; 178(10): 6476 - 6481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Liang, M. Wang, K. Triantafilou, M. Triantafilou, H. F. Nawar, M. W. Russell, T. D. Connell, and G. Hajishengallis The A Subunit of Type IIb Enterotoxin (LT-IIb) Suppresses the Proinflammatory Potential of the B Subunit and Its Ability to Recruit and Interact with TLR2 J. Immunol., April 15, 2007; 178(8): 4811 - 4819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. R. Alugupalli, S. Akira, E. Lien, and J. M. Leong MyD88- and Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase-Mediated Signals Are Essential for T Cell-Independent Pathogen-Specific IgM Responses J. Immunol., March 15, 2007; 178(6): 3740 - 3749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Krishnan, K. Gurnani, C. J. Dicaire, H. van Faassen, A. Zafer, C. J. Kirschning, S. Sad, and G. D. Sprott Rapid Clonal Expansion and Prolonged Maintenance of Memory CD8+ T Cells of the Effector (CD44highCD62Llow) and Central (CD44highCD62Lhigh) Phenotype by an Archaeosome Adjuvant Independent of TLR2 J. Immunol., February 15, 2007; 178(4): 2396 - 2406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Olson, M. N. Hedrick, H. Izadi, T. C. Bates, E. R. Olivera, and J. Anguita p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Controls NF-{kappa}B Transcriptional Activation and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production through RelA Phosphorylation Mediated by Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase 1 in Response to Borrelia burgdorferi Antigens Infect. Immun., January 1, 2007; 75(1): 270 - 277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Chieppa, M. Rescigno, A. Y.C. Huang, and R. N. Germain Dynamic imaging of dendritic cell extension into the small bowel lumen in response to epithelial cell TLR engagement J. Exp. Med., December 25, 2006; 203(13): 2841 - 2852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. D. Bolz, R. S. Sundsbak, Y. Ma, S. Akira, J. H. Weis, T. G. Schwan, and J. J. Weis Dual Role of MyD88 in Rapid Clearance of Relapsing Fever Borrelia spp. Infect. Immun., December 1, 2006; 74(12): 6750 - 6760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Crandall, D. M. Dunn, Y. Ma, R. M. Wooten, J. F. Zachary, J. H. Weis, R. B. Weiss, and J. J. Weis Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Unique Pathways Associated with Differential Severity of Lyme Arthritis J. Immunol., December 1, 2006; 177(11): 7930 - 7942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Lazarus, M. J. Meadows, R. E. Lintner, and R. M. Wooten IL-10 Deficiency Promotes Increased Borrelia burgdorferi Clearance Predominantly through Enhanced Innate Immune Responses J. Immunol., November 15, 2006; 177(10): 7076 - 7085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. J. GLICKSTEIN and J. L. COBURN ASSOCIATION OF MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND CELL DEATH AFTER IN VITRO BORRELIA BURGDORFERI INFECTION WITH ARTHRITIS RESISTANCE Am J Trop Med Hyg, November 1, 2006; 75(5): 964 - 967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Xu, S. V. Seemanapalli, K. McShan, and F. T. Liang Constitutive Expression of Outer Surface Protein C Diminishes the Ability of Borrelia burgdorferi To Evade Specific Humoral Immunity Infect. Immun., September 1, 2006; 74(9): 5177 - 5184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. E. Stewart, X. Wang, D. M. Bueschel, D. R. Clifton, D. Grimm, K. Tilly, J. A. Carroll, J. J. Weis, and P. A. Rosa Delineating the Requirement for the Borrelia burgdorferi Virulence Factor OspC in the Mammalian Host Infect. Immun., June 1, 2006; 74(6): 3547 - 3553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Sodek, A. P. Batista Da Silva, and R. Zohar Osteopontin and Mucosal Protection Journal of Dental Research, May 1, 2006; 85(5): 404 - 415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K. Behera, E. Hildebrand, R. T. Bronson, G. Perides, S. Uematsu, S. Akira, and L. T. Hu MyD88 Deficiency Results in Tissue-Specific Changes in Cytokine Induction and Inflammation in Interleukin-18-Independent Mice Infected with Borrelia burgdorferi Infect. Immun., March 1, 2006; 74(3): 1462 - 1470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Hajishengallis, P. Ratti, and E. Harokopakis Peptide Mapping of Bacterial Fimbrial Epitopes Interacting with Pattern Recognition Receptors J. Biol. Chem., November 25, 2005; 280(47): 38902 - 38913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Xu, S. V. Seemanapalli, L. Lomax, K. McShan, X. Li, E. Fikrig, and F. T. Liang Association of Linear Plasmid 28-1 with an Arthritic Phenotype of Borrelia burgdorferi Infect. Immun., November 1, 2005; 73(11): 7208 - 7215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. C. van Rossum, E. S. Lysenko, and J. N. Weiser Host and Bacterial Factors Contributing to the Clearance of Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Murine Model Infect. Immun., November 1, 2005; 73(11): 7718 - 7726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. W. J. Schroder, I. Diterich, A. Zinke, J. Eckert, C. Draing, V. v. Baehr, D. Hassler, S. Priem, K. Hahn, K. S. Michelsen, et al. Heterozygous Arg753Gln Polymorphism of Human TLR-2 Impairs Immune Activation by Borrelia burgdorferi and Protects from Late Stage Lyme Disease J. Immunol., August 15, 2005; 175(4): 2534 - 2540. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Salazar, C. D. Pope, M. W. Moore, J. Pope, T. G. Kiely, and J. D. Radolf Lipoprotein-Dependent and -Independent Immune Responses to Spirochetal Infection Clin. Vaccine Immunol., August 1, 2005; 12(8): 949 - 958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Craig-Mylius, G. F. Weber, J. Coburn, and L. Glickstein Borrelia burgdorferi, an extracellular pathogen, circumvents osteopontin in inducing an inflammatory cytokine response J. Leukoc. Biol., May 1, 2005; 77(5): 710 - 718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R.-E.-I. Benhnia, D. Wroblewski, M. N. Akhtar, R. A. Patel, W. Lavezzi, S. C. Gangloff, S. M. Goyert, M. J. Caimano, J. D. Radolf, and T. J. Sellati Signaling through CD14 Attenuates the Inflammatory Response to Borrelia burgdorferi, the Agent of Lyme Disease J. Immunol., February 1, 2005; 174(3): 1539 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Q. Khan, Q. Chen, Z.-Q. Wu, J. C. Paton, and C. M. Snapper Both Innate Immunity and Type 1 Humoral Immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae Are Mediated by MyD88 but Differ in Their Relative Levels of Dependence on Toll-Like Receptor 2 Infect. Immun., January 1, 2005; 73(1): 298 - 307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Wang, Y. Ma, J. H. Weis, J. F. Zachary, C. J. Kirschning, and J. J. Weis Relative Contributions of Innate and Acquired Host Responses to Bacterial Control and Arthritis Development in Lyme Disease Infect. Immun., January 1, 2005; 73(1): 657 - 660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. B. Lawrenz, R. M. Wooten, and S. J. Norris Effects of vlsE Complementation on the Infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi Lacking the Linear Plasmid lp28-1 Infect. Immun., November 1, 2004; 72(11): 6577 - 6585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. T. Liang, J. Yan, M. L. Mbow, S. L. Sviat, R. D. Gilmore, M. Mamula, and E. Fikrig Borrelia burgdorferi Changes Its Surface Antigenic Expression in Response to Host Immune Responses Infect. Immun., October 1, 2004; 72(10): 5759 - 5767. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Dolan, J. Piesman, B. S. Schneider, M. Schriefer, K. Brandt, and N. S. Zeidner Comparison of Disseminated and Nondisseminated Strains of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto in Mice Naturally Infected by Tick Bite Infect. Immun., September 1, 2004; 72(9): 5262 - 5266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. T. Liang, E. L. Brown, T. Wang, R. V. Iozzo, and E. Fikrig Protective Niche for Borrelia burgdorferi to Evade Humoral Immunity Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2004; 165(3): 977 - 985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. D. Bolz, R. S. Sundsbak, Y. Ma, S. Akira, C. J. Kirschning, J. F. Zachary, J. H. Weis, and J. J. Weis MyD88 Plays a Unique Role in Host Defense but Not Arthritis Development in Lyme Disease J. Immunol., August 1, 2004; 173(3): 2003 - 2010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Liu, R. R. Montgomery, S. W. Barthold, and L. K. Bockenstedt Myeloid Differentiation Antigen 88 Deficiency Impairs Pathogen Clearance but Does Not Alter Inflammation in Borrelia burgdorferi-Infected Mice Infect. Immun., June 1, 2004; 72(6): 3195 - 3203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Grimm, K. Tilly, R. Byram, P. E. Stewart, J. G. Krum, D. M. Bueschel, T. G. Schwan, P. F. Policastro, A. F. Elias, and P. A. Rosa Outer-surface protein C of the Lyme disease spirochete: A protein induced in ticks for infection of mammals PNAS, March 2, 2004; 101(9): 3142 - 3147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. B. Drennan, D. Nicolle, V. J. F. Quesniaux, M. Jacobs, N. Allie, J. Mpagi, C. Fremond, H. Wagner, C. Kirschning, and B. Ryffel Toll-Like Receptor 2-Deficient Mice Succumb to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2004; 164(1): 49 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Glickstein, B. Moore, T. Bledsoe, N. Damle, V. Sikand, and A. C. Steere Inflammatory Cytokine Production Predominates in Early Lyme Disease in Patients with Erythema Migrans Infect. Immun., October 1, 2003; 71(10): 6051 - 6053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Way, T. R. Kollmann, A. M. Hajjar, and C. B. Wilson Cutting Edge: Protective Cell-Mediated Immunity to Listeria monocytogenes in the Absence of Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 J. Immunol., July 15, 2003; 171(2): 533 - 537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Yoder, X. Wang, Y. Ma, M. T. Philipp, M. Heilbrun, J. H. Weis, C. J. Kirschning, R. M. Wooten, and J. J. Weis Tripalmitoyl-S-Glyceryl-Cysteine-Dependent OspA Vaccination of Toll-Like Receptor 2-Deficient Mice Results in Effective Protection from Borrelia burgdorferi Challenge Infect. Immun., July 1, 2003; 71(7): 3894 - 3900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Diterich, C. Rauter, C. J. Kirschning, and T. Hartung Borrelia burgdorferi-Induced Tolerance as a Model of Persistence via Immunosuppression Infect. Immun., July 1, 2003; 71(7): 3979 - 3987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. B. Oliveira, M. T. Ochoa, P. A. Sieling, T. H. Rea, A. Rambukkana, E. N. Sarno, and R. L. Modlin Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 2 on Human Schwann Cells: a Mechanism of Nerve Damage in Leprosy Infect. Immun., March 1, 2003; 71(3): 1427 - 1433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Girard, T. Pedron, S. Uematsu, V. Balloy, M. Chignard, S. Akira, and R. Chaby Lipopolysaccharides from Legionella and Rhizobium stimulate mouse bone marrow granulocytes via Toll-like receptor 2 J. Cell Sci., January 15, 2003; 116(2): 293 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Koedel, B. Angele, T. Rupprecht, H. Wagner, A. Roggenkamp, H.-W. Pfister, and C. J. Kirschning Toll-Like Receptor 2 Participates in Mediation of Immune Response in Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis J. Immunol., January 1, 2003; 170(1): 438 - 444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sing, D. Rost, N. Tvardovskaia, A. Roggenkamp, A. Wiedemann, C. J. Kirschning, M. Aepfelbacher, and J. Heesemann Yersinia V-Antigen Exploits Toll-like Receptor 2 and CD14 for Interleukin 10-mediated Immunosuppression J. Exp. Med., October 21, 2002; 196(8): 1017 - 1024. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. T. Edelson and E. R. Unanue MyD88-Dependent but Toll-Like Receptor 2-Independent Innate Immunity to Listeria: No Role for Either in Macrophage Listericidal Activity J. Immunol., October 1, 2002; 169(7): 3869 - 3875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Weighardt, S. Kaiser-Moore, R. M. Vabulas, C. J. Kirschning, H. Wagner, and B. Holzmann Cutting Edge: Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 Deficiency Improves Resistance Against Sepsis Caused by Polymicrobial Infection J. Immunol., September 15, 2002; 169(6): 2823 - 2827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Bieback, E. Lien, I. M. Klagge, E. Avota, J. Schneider-Schaulies, W. P. Duprex, H. Wagner, C. J. Kirschning, V. ter Meulen, and S. Schneider-Schaulies Hemagglutinin Protein of Wild-Type Measles Virus Activates Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling J. Virol., September 1, 2002; 76(17): 8729 - 8736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Anguita, S. W. Barthold, R. Persinski, M. N. Hedrick, C. A. Huy, R. J. Davis, R. A. Flavell, and E. Fikrig Murine Lyme Arthritis Development Mediated by p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity J. Immunol., June 15, 2002; 168(12): 6352 - 6357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
