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The Journal of Immunology, 2002, 168: 274-282.
Copyright © 2002 by The American Association of Immunologists

Prostaglandin E2-Mediated Activation of HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat Transcription in Human T Cells Necessitates CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein (C/EBP) Binding Sites in Addition to Cooperative Interactions Between C/EBP{beta} and Cyclic Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate Response Element Binding Protein1

Nancy Dumais, Salim Bounou, Martin Olivier2 and Michel J. Tremblay2

Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Hôpital CHUL, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, and Département de Biologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada

Previous work indicates that treatment of human T cells with PGE2 results in an increase of HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) transcriptional activity. The noticed PGE2-mediated activation of virus gene activity required the participation of specific intracellular second messengers such as calcium and two transcription factors, i.e., NF-{kappa}B and CREB. We report in this work that the nuclear transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) is also important for PGE2-dependent up-regulation of HIV-1 LTR-driven gene activity. The implication of C/EBP was shown by using a trans-dominant negative inhibitor of C/EBP (i.e., liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein) and several molecular constructs carrying site-directed mutations in the C/EBP binding sites located within the HIV-1 LTR. Mutated HIV-1 LTR constructs also revealed the involvement of the two most proximal C/EBP binding sites. Data from cotransfection experiments with vectors coding for dominant negative mutants and gel mobility shift assays indicated that PGE2-mediated induction of HIV-1 LTR activity results from a cooperative interaction between C/EBP{beta} and CREB, two members of the basic leucine zipper family of transcription factors. Altogether these findings indicate that treatment of human T cells with PGE2 induces HIV-1 LTR activity through a complex interplay between C/EBP{beta} and CREB. Such a combinatorial regulation may represent a mechanism that permits a fine regulation of HIV-1 expression by PGE2 in human T cells.




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