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Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
The leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) on human chromosome 19
contains related Ig superfamily killer cell Ig-like receptor
(KIR) and leukocyte Ig-like receptor
(LIR) genes. Previously, we discovered much difference
in the KIR genes between humans and chimpanzees, primate
species estimated to have 
98.8% genomic sequence similarity. Here,
the common chimpanzee LIR genes are identified,
characterized, and compared with their human counterparts. From
screening a chimpanzee splenocyte cDNA library, clones corresponding to
nine different chimpanzee LIRs were isolated and
sequenced. Analysis of genomic DNA from 48 unrelated chimpanzees showed
42 to have all nine LIR genes, and six animals to lack
just one of the genes. In structural diversity and functional type, the
chimpanzee LIRs cover the range of human
LIRs. Although both species have the same number of
inhibitory LIRs, humans have more activating receptors, a trend also
seen for KIRs. Four chimpanzee LIRs are clearly
orthologs of human LIRs. Five other chimpanzee
LIRs have paralogous relationships with clusters of
human LIRs and have undergone much recombination. Like
the human genes, chimpanzee LIR genes appear to be
organized into two duplicated blocks, each block containing two
orthologous genes. This organization provides a conserved framework
within which there are clusters of faster evolving genes. Human and
chimpanzee KIR genes have an analogous arrangement.
Whereas both KIR and LIR genes can
exhibit greater interspecies differences than the genome average,
within each species the LIR gene family is more
conserved than the KIR gene
family.
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