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Departments of
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Cell Biology,
Cardiology,
Cancer Biology,
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
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Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195;
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Cleveland State University, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland, OH 44115;
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Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
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Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690

Department of Cell Biology,
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Department of Cardiology,
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Department of Cancer Biology,
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Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
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Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195;
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Cleveland State University, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland, OH 44115;
*
Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
*
Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690
Eosinophil recruitment and enhanced production of NO are characteristic features of asthma. However, neither the ability of eosinophils to generate NO-derived oxidants nor their role in nitration of targets during asthma is established. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry we demonstrate a 10-fold increase in 3-nitrotyrosine (NO2Y) content, a global marker of protein modification by reactive nitrogen species, in proteins recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage of severe asthmatic patients (480 ± 198 µmol/mol tyrosine; n = 11) compared with nonasthmatic subjects (52.5 ± 40.7 µmol/mol tyrosine; n = 12). Parallel gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage proteins for 3-bromotyrosine (BrY) and 3-chlorotyrosine (ClY), selective markers of eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)- and myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation, respectively, demonstrated a dramatic preferential formation of BrY in asthmatic (1093 ± 457 µmol BrY/mol tyrosine; 161 ± 88 µmol ClY/mol tyrosine; n = 11 each) compared with nonasthmatic subjects (13 ± 14.5 µmol BrY/mol tyrosine; 65 ± 69 µmol ClY/mol tyrosine; n = 12 each). Bronchial tissue from individuals who died of asthma demonstrated the most intense anti-NO2Y immunostaining in epitopes that colocalized with eosinophils. Although eosinophils from normal subjects failed to generate detectable levels of NO, NO2-, NO3-, or NO2Y, tyrosine nitration was promoted by eosinophils activated either in the presence of physiological levels of NO2- or an exogenous NO source. At low, but not high (e.g., >2 µM/min), rates of NO flux, EPO inhibitors and catalase markedly attenuated aromatic nitration. These results identify eosinophils as a major source of oxidants during asthma. They also demonstrate that eosinophils use distinct mechanisms for generating NO-derived oxidants and identify EPO as an enzymatic source of nitrating intermediates in eosinophils.
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