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*
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8603, Université René Descartes, Paris V, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France;
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Unité 25, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France;
Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan;
Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology and Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
¶ Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
NKT cells are a remarkably versatile population whose functional
capacities are determined by cytokines present in their
microenvironment. In this study, we provide evidence for a new
immunoregulatory effect of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-18 on NKT
cells. We found that IL-18, mainly known for its involvement in NK cell
activation and in Th 1 immune responses, substantially enhanced IL-4
production as well as the percentage of IL-4+ cells among
NKT lymphocytes activated by their specific ligand
-galactosylceramide (-GalCer). The effect of IL-18 on IL-4
production by activated NKT cells took place both in vivo and in vitro
and was not affected by IL-12 which increased IFN-
secretion in the
same conditions. We show that NKT cells are the main targets for
IL-18-induced IL-4 production since it occurred neither in
NKT-deficient mice nor after stimulation of Th2 lymphocytes. Finally,
we provide evidence that the IL-4 promptly generated by NKT cells in
response to IL-18 plus -galactosylceramide in vivo can effectively
contribute to the adaptive Th2 immune response by up-regulating the
early activation marker CD69 on B cells. Our data support the notion
that, in contrast to the exclusive IFN- inducer IL-12, IL-18 acts in
a more subtle manner as a costimulatory factor in both pro-Th1 and
pro-Th2 responses depending on the nature of the stimulation and the
target cells.
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