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The Journal of Immunology, 2001, 166: 7309-7318.
Copyright © 2001 by The American Association of Immunologists

Proteomic Analysis of Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Secreted Subcellular Compartment Distinct from Apoptotic Vesicles1

Clotilde Théry2,3,*, Muriel Boussac2,{dagger}, Philippe Véron*, Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli{ddagger}, Graça Raposo§, Jerôme Garin{dagger} and Sebastian Amigorena*

* Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Unité 520, Institut Curie, Paris, France; {dagger} Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Laboratoire de Chimie des Protéines, Grenoble, France; {ddagger} Department of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences, Second University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and § Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Institut Curie, Paris, France

Dendritic cells constitutively secrete a population of small (50–90 nm diameter) Ag-presenting vesicles called exosomes. When sensitized with tumor antigenic peptides, dendritic cells produce exosomes, which stimulate anti-tumor immune responses and the rejection of established tumors in mice. Using a systematic proteomic approach, we establish the first extensive protein map of a particular exosome population; 21 new exosomal proteins were thus identified. Most proteins present in exosomes are related to endocytic compartments. New exosomal residents include cytosolic proteins most likely involved in exosome biogenesis and function, mainly cytoskeleton-related (cofilin, profilin I, and elongation factor 1{alpha}) and intracellular membrane transport and signaling factors (such as several annexins, rab 7 and 11, rap1B, and syntenin). Importantly, we also identified a novel category of exosomal proteins related to apoptosis: thioredoxin peroxidase II, Alix, 14-3-3, and galectin-3. These findings led us to analyze possible structural relationships between exosomes and microvesicles released by apoptotic cells. We show that although they both represent secreted populations of membrane vesicles relevant to immune responses, exosomes and apoptotic vesicles are biochemically and morphologically distinct. Therefore, in addition to cytokines, dendritic cells produce a specific population of membrane vesicles, exosomes, with unique molecular composition and strong immunostimulating properties.




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BloodHome page
E. Segura, C. Nicco, B. Lombard, P. Veron, G. Raposo, F. Batteux, S. Amigorena, and C. Thery
ICAM-1 on exosomes from mature dendritic cells is critical for efficient naive T-cell priming
Blood, July 1, 2005; 106(1): 216 - 223.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
R. Gastpar, M. Gehrmann, M. A. Bausero, A. Asea, C. Gross, J. A. Schroeder, and G. Multhoff
Heat Shock Protein 70 Surface-Positive Tumor Exosomes Stimulate Migratory and Cytolytic Activity of Natural Killer Cells
Cancer Res., June 15, 2005; 65(12): 5238 - 5247.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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EndocrinologyHome page
A. Nagai, T. Sato, N. Akimoto, A. Ito, and M. Sumida
Isolation and Identification of Histone H3 Protein Enriched in Microvesicles Secreted from Cultured Sebocytes
Endocrinology, June 1, 2005; 146(6): 2593 - 2601.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Immunol.Home page
F. Bianco, E. Pravettoni, A. Colombo, U. Schenk, T. Moller, M. Matteoli, and C. Verderio
Astrocyte-Derived ATP Induces Vesicle Shedding and IL-1{beta} Release from Microglia
J. Immunol., June 1, 2005; 174(11): 7268 - 7277.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Immunol.Home page
S.-H. Kim, E. R. Lechman, N. Bianco, R. Menon, A. Keravala, J. Nash, Z. Mi, S. C. Watkins, A. Gambotto, and P. D. Robbins
Exosomes Derived from IL-10-Treated Dendritic Cells Can Suppress Inflammation and Collagen-Induced Arthritis
J. Immunol., May 15, 2005; 174(10): 6440 - 6448.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Immunol.Home page
J. Roy, G. Martin, J.-F. Giguere, D. Belanger, M. Petrin, and M. J. Tremblay
HIV Type 1 Can Act as an APC upon Acquisition from the Host Cell of Peptide-Loaded HLA-DR and CD86 Molecules
J. Immunol., April 15, 2005; 174(8): 4779 - 4788.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Immunol.Home page
J. Sun, M. Walsh, A. V. Villarino, L. Cervi, C. A. Hunter, Y. Choi, and E. J. Pearce
TLR Ligands Can Activate Dendritic Cells to Provide a MyD88-Dependent Negative Signal for Th2 Cell Development
J. Immunol., January 15, 2005; 174(2): 742 - 751.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
A. E. Morelli, A. T. Larregina, W. J. Shufesky, M. L. G. Sullivan, D. B. Stolz, G. D. Papworth, A. F. Zahorchak, A. J. Logar, Z. Wang, S. C. Watkins, et al.
Endocytosis, intracellular sorting, and processing of exosomes by dendritic cells
Blood, November 15, 2004; 104(10): 3257 - 3266.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
N. Amzallag, B. J. Passer, D. Allanic, E. Segura, C. Thery, B. Goud, R. Amson, and A. Telerman
TSAP6 Facilitates the Secretion of Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein/Histamine-releasing Factor via a Nonclassical Pathway
J. Biol. Chem., October 29, 2004; 279(44): 46104 - 46112.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
T. Pisitkun, R.-F. Shen, and M. A. Knepper
Identification and proteomic profiling of exosomes in human urine
PNAS, September 7, 2004; 101(36): 13368 - 13373.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. D. Stuchell, J. E. Garrus, B. Muller, K. M. Stray, S. Ghaffarian, R. McKinnon, H.-G. Krausslich, S. G. Morham, and W. I. Sundquist
The Human Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT-I) and Its Role in HIV-1 Budding
J. Biol. Chem., August 20, 2004; 279(34): 36059 - 36071.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
A. R. Mantegazza, M. M. Barrio, S. Moutel, L. Bover, M. Weck, P. Brossart, J.-L. Teillaud, and J. Mordoh
CD63 tetraspanin slows down cell migration and translocates to the endosomal-lysosomal-MIICs route after extracellular stimuli in human immature dendritic cells
Blood, August 15, 2004; 104(4): 1183 - 1190.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Infect. Immun.Home page
F. Aline, D. Bout, S. Amigorena, P. Roingeard, and I. Dimier-Poisson
Toxoplasma gondii Antigen-Pulsed-Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes Induce a Protective Immune Response against T. gondii Infection
Infect. Immun., July 1, 2004; 72(7): 4127 - 4137.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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GutHome page
V M Diaz, M Hurtado, T M Thomson, J Reventos, and R Paciucci
Specific interaction of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) with annexin II on the membrane of pancreatic cancer cells activates plasminogen and promotes invasion in vitro
Gut, July 1, 2004; 53(7): 993 - 1000.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
M. P. Bard, J. P. Hegmans, A. Hemmes, T. M. Luider, R. Willemsen, L.-A. A. Severijnen, J. P. van Meerbeeck, S. A. Burgers, H. C. Hoogsteden, and B. N. Lambrecht
Proteomic Analysis of Exosomes Isolated from Human Malignant Pleural Effusions
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., July 1, 2004; 31(1): 114 - 121.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
B. Fevrier, D. Vilette, F. Archer, D. Loew, W. Faigle, M. Vidal, H. Laude, and G. Raposo
Cells release prions in association with exosomes
PNAS, June 29, 2004; 101(26): 9683 - 9688.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Cell Sci.Home page
M. Sachse, G. J. Strous, and J. Klumperman
ATPase-deficient hVPS4 impairs formation of internal endosomal vesicles and stabilizes bilayered clathrin coats on endosomal vacuoles
J. Cell Sci., May 1, 2004; 117(9): 1699 - 1708.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Pathol.Home page
J. P.J.J. Hegmans, M. P.L. Bard, A. Hemmes, T. M. Luider, M. J. Kleijmeer, J.-B. Prins, L. Zitvogel, S. A. Burgers, H. C. Hoogsteden, and B. N. Lambrecht
Proteomic Analysis of Exosomes Secreted by Human Mesothelioma Cells
Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2004; 164(5): 1807 - 1815.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
J. A. Coppinger, G. Cagney, S. Toomey, T. Kislinger, O. Belton, J. P. McRedmond, D. J. Cahill, A. Emili, D. J. Fitzgerald, and P. B. Maguire
Characterization of the proteins released from activated platelets leads to localization of novel platelet proteins in human atherosclerotic lesions
Blood, March 15, 2004; 103(6): 2096 - 2104.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Cell. ProteomicsHome page
A. W. Purcell and J. J. Gorman
Immunoproteomics: Mass Spectrometry-based Methods to Study the Targets of the Immune Response
Mol. Cell. Proteomics, March 1, 2004; 3(3): 193 - 208.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Immunol.Home page
F. Andre, N. Chaput, N. E. C. Schartz, C. Flament, N. Aubert, J. Bernard, F. Lemonnier, G. Raposo, B. Escudier, D.-H. Hsu, et al.
Exosomes as Potent Cell-Free Peptide-Based Vaccine. I. Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes Transfer Functional MHC Class I/Peptide Complexes to Dendritic Cells
J. Immunol., February 15, 2004; 172(4): 2126 - 2136.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Int ImmunolHome page
G. Greicius, L. Westerberg, E. J. Davey, E. Buentke, A. Scheynius, J. Thyberg, and E. Severinson
Microvilli structures on B lymphocytes: inducible functional domains?
Int. Immunol., February 1, 2004; 16(2): 353 - 364.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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ScienceHome page
H. Matsuo, J. Chevallier, N. Mayran, I. Le Blanc, C. Ferguson, J. Faure, N. S. Blanc, S. Matile, J. Dubochet, R. Sadoul, et al.
Role of LBPA and Alix in Multivesicular Liposome Formation and Endosome Organization
Science, January 23, 2004; 303(5657): 531 - 534.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Trioulier, S. Torch, B. Blot, N. Cristina, C. Chatellard-Causse, J.-M. Verna, and R. Sadoul
Alix, a Protein Regulating Endosomal Trafficking, Is Involved in Neuronal Death
J. Biol. Chem., January 16, 2004; 279(3): 2046 - 2052.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Immunol.Home page
Y. Yan, L. Phan, F. Yang, M. Talpaz, Y. Yang, Z. Xiong, B. Ng, N. A. Timchenko, C. J. Wu, J. Ritz, et al.
A Novel Mechanism of Alternative Promoter and Splicing Regulates the Epitope Generation of Tumor Antigen CML66-L
J. Immunol., January 1, 2004; 172(1): 651 - 660.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Taverna, G. Ghersi, A. Ginestra, S. Rigogliuso, S. Pecorella, G. Alaimo, F. Saladino, V. Dolo, P. Dell'Era, A. Pavan, et al.
Shedding of Membrane Vesicles Mediates Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Release from Cells
J. Biol. Chem., December 19, 2003; 278(51): 51911 - 51919.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
A. de Gassart, C. Geminard, B. Fevrier, G. Raposo, and M. Vidal
Lipid raft-associated protein sorting in exosomes
Blood, December 15, 2003; 102(13): 4336 - 4344.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
E. Nikko, A.-M. Marini, and B. Andre
Permease Recycling and Ubiquitination Status Reveal a Particular Role for Bro1 in the Multivesicular Body Pathway
J. Biol. Chem., December 12, 2003; 278(50): 50732 - 50743.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Katoh, H. Shibata, H. Suzuki, A. Nara, K. Ishidoh, E. Kominami, T. Yoshimori, and M. Maki
The ALG-2-interacting Protein Alix Associates with CHMP4b, a Human Homologue of Yeast Snf7 That Is Involved in Multivesicular Body Sorting
J. Biol. Chem., October 3, 2003; 278(40): 39104 - 39113.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. J. Gould, A. M. Booth, and J. E. K. Hildreth
The Trojan exosome hypothesis
PNAS, September 16, 2003; 100(19): 10592 - 10597.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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IOVSHome page
N. M. McKechnie, D. Copland, and G. Braun
Hr44 Secreted with Exosomes: Loss from Ciliary Epithelium in Response to Inflammation
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., June 1, 2003; 44(6): 2650 - 2656.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. Wubbolts, R. S. Leckie, P. T. M. Veenhuizen, G. Schwarzmann, W. Mobius, J. Hoernschemeyer, J.-W. Slot, H. J. Geuze, and W. Stoorvogel
Proteomic and Biochemical Analyses of Human B Cell-derived Exosomes. POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR FUNCTION AND MULTIVESICULAR BODY FORMATION
J. Biol. Chem., March 21, 2003; 278(13): 10963 - 10972.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Leukoc. Biol.Home page
I. D. Davis, M. Jefford, P. Parente, and J. Cebon
Rational approaches to human cancer immunotherapy
J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2003; 73(1): 3 - 29.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
A. R. Bateman, K. J. Harrington, T. Kottke, A. Ahmed, A. A. Melcher, M. J. Gough, E. Linardakis, D. Riddle, A. Dietz, C. M. Lohse, et al.
Viral Fusogenic Membrane Glycoproteins Kill Solid Tumor Cells by Nonapoptotic Mechanisms That Promote Cross Presentation of Tumor Antigens by Dendritic Cells
Cancer Res., November 15, 2002; 62(22): 6566 - 6578.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Immunol.Home page
B. Fritzsching, B. Schwer, J. Kartenbeck, A. Pedal, V. Horejsi, and M. Ott
Release and Intercellular Transfer of Cell Surface CD81 Via Microparticles
J. Immunol., November 15, 2002; 169(10): 5531 - 5537.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. Chatellard-Causse, B. Blot, N. Cristina, S. Torch, M. Missotten, and R. Sadoul
Alix (ALG-2-interacting Protein X), a Protein Involved in Apoptosis, Binds to Endophilins and Induces Cytoplasmic Vacuolization
J. Biol. Chem., August 2, 2002; 277(32): 29108 - 29115.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Int ImmunolHome page
H. Vincent-Schneider, P. Stumptner-Cuvelette, D. Lankar, S. Pain, G. Raposo, P. Benaroch, and C. Bonnerot
Exosomes bearing HLA-DR1 molecules need dendritic cells to efficiently stimulate specific T cells
Int. Immunol., July 1, 2002; 14(7): 713 - 722.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. E. Pace, T. Lebestky, T. Hummel, P. Arnoux, K. Kwan, and L. G. Baum
Characterization of a Novel Drosophila melanogaster Galectin. EXPRESSION IN DEVELOPING IMMUNE, NEURAL, AND MUSCLE TISSUES
J. Biol. Chem., April 5, 2002; 277(15): 13091 - 13098.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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