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T Cells1
Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
The existence of 
T cells has been known for over 15 years,
but their significance in innate immunity to virus infections has not
been determined. We show here that T cells are well suited to
provide a rapid response to virus infection and demonstrate their role
in innate resistance to vaccinia virus (VV) infection in both normal
C57BL/6 and 
TCR knockout (KO) mice. VV-infected mice deficient in
T cells had significantly higher VV titers early postinfection
(PI) and increased mortality when compared with control mice. There was
a rapid and profound VV-induced increase in IFN--producing T
cells in the peritoneal cavity and spleen of VV-infected mice beginning
as early as day 2 PI. This rapid response occurred in the absence of
priming, as there was constitutively a significant frequency of
VV-specific T cells in the spleen in uninfected TCR KO mice,
as demonstrated by limiting dilution assay. Also, like NK cells,
another mediator of innate immunity to viruses, T cells in
uninfected TCR KO mice expressed constitutive cytolytic activity.
This cytotoxicity was enhanced and included a broader range of targets
after VV infection. VV-infected TCR KO mice cleared most of the
virus by day 8 PI, the peak of the T cell response, but
thereafter the T cell number declined and the virus recrudesced.
Thus, T cells can be mediators of innate immunity to viruses,
having a significant impact on virus replication early in infection in
the presence or absence of the adaptive immune
response.
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