| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
*
Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases,
Department of Pathology, and
Department of Anatomy, Division of Immunobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298;
¶
Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287;
||
Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545; and
#
Department of Microbiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) trap Ags and retain them in their native state for many months. Shortly after infection, HIV particles are trapped on FDCs and can be observed until the follicular network is destroyed. We sought to determine whether FDCs could maintain trapped virus in an infectious state for long periods of time. Because virus replication would replenish the HIV reservoir and thus falsely prolong recovery of infectious virus, we used a nonpermissive murine model to examine maintenance of HIV infectivity in vivo. We also examined human FDCs in vitro to determine whether they could maintain HIV infectivity. FDC-trapped virus remained infectious in vivo at all time points examined over a 9-mo period. Remarkably, as few as 100 FDCs were sufficient to transmit infection throughout the 9-mo period. Human FDCs maintained HIV infectivity for at least 25 days in vitro, whereas virus without FDCs lost infectivity after only a few days. These data indicate that HIV retained on FDCs can be long lived even in the absence of viral replication and suggest that FDCs stabilize and protect HIV, thus providing a long-term reservoir of infectious virus. These trapped stores of HIV may be replenished with replicating virus that persists even under highly active antiretroviral therapy and would likely be capable of causing infection on cessation of drug therapy.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  T. C. Thacker, X. Zhou, J. D. Estes, Y. Jiang, B. F. Keele, T. S. Elton, and G. F. Burton Follicular Dendritic Cells and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transcription in CD4+ T Cells J. Virol., January 1, 2009; 83(1): 150 - 158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. F. Keele, L. Tazi, S. Gartner, Y. Liu, T. B. Burgon, J. D. Estes, T. C. Thacker, K. A. Crandall, J. C. McArthur, and G. F. Burton Characterization of the Follicular Dendritic Cell Reservoir of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 J. Virol., June 1, 2008; 82(11): 5548 - 5561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. B. Sundstrom, J. E. Ellis, G. A. Hair, A. S. Kirshenbaum, D. D. Metcalfe, H. Yi, A. C. Cardona, M. K. Lindsay, and A. A. Ansari Human tissue mast cells are an inducible reservoir of persistent HIV infection Blood, June 15, 2007; 109(12): 5293 - 5300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Ho, S. Moir, L. Kulik, A. Malaspina, E. T. Donoghue, N. J. Miller, W. Wang, T.-W. Chun, A. S. Fauci, and V. M. Holers Role for CD21 in the Establishment of an Extracellular HIV Reservoir in Lymphoid Tissues J. Immunol., June 1, 2007; 178(11): 6968 - 6974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Hatsukari, P. Singh, N. Hitosugi, D. Messmer, E. Valderrama, S. Teichberg, W. Chaung, E. Gross, H. Schmidtmayerova, and P. C. Singhal DEC-205-Mediated Internalization of HIV-1 Results in the Establishment of Silent Infection in Renal Tubular Cells J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2007; 18(3): 780 - 787. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Donaghy, J. Wilkinson, and A. L. Cunningham HIV interactions with dendritic cells: has our focus been too narrow? J. Leukoc. Biol., November 1, 2006; 80(5): 1001 - 1012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Banki, D. Wilflingseder, C. G. Ammann, M. Pruenster, B. Mullauer, K. Hollander, M. Meyer, G. M. Sprinzl, J. van Lunzen, H.-J. Stellbrink, et al. Factor I-Mediated Processing of Complement Fragments on HIV Immune Complexes Targets HIV to CR2-Expressing B Cells and Facilitates B Cell-Mediated Transmission of Opsonized HIV to T Cells. J. Immunol., September 1, 2006; 177(5): 3469 - 3476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-J. Dumaurier, S. Gratton, S. Wain-Hobson, and R. Cheynier The majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles present within splenic germinal centres are produced locally J. Gen. Virol., December 1, 2005; 86(12): 3369 - 3373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-F. Arrighi, M. Pion, E. Garcia, J.-M. Escola, Y. van Kooyk, T. B. Geijtenbeek, and V. Piguet DC-SIGN-mediated Infectious Synapse Formation Enhances X4 HIV-1 Transmission from Dendritic Cells to T Cells J. Exp. Med., November 15, 2004; 200(10): 1279 - 1288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Estes, T. C. Thacker, D. L. Hampton, S. A. Kell, B. F. Keele, E. A. Palenske, K. M. Druey, and G. F. Burton Follicular Dendritic Cell Regulation of CXCR4-Mediated Germinal Center CD4 T Cell Migration J. Immunol., November 15, 2004; 173(10): 6169 - 6178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Crowe, T. Zhu, and W. A. Muller The contribution of monocyte infection and trafficking to viral persistence, and maintenance of the viral reservoir in HIV infection J. Leukoc. Biol., November 1, 2003; 74(5): 635 - 641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Maeda, M. Matsuda, H. Suzuki, and H.-a. Saitoh Immunohistochemical Recognition of Human Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs) in Routinely Processed Paraffin Sections J. Histochem. Cytochem., November 1, 2002; 50(11): 1475 - 1486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Estes, B. F. Keele, K. Tenner-Racz, P. Racz, M. A. Redd, T. C. Thacker, Y. Jiang, M. J. Lloyd, S. Gartner, and G. F. Burton Follicular Dendritic Cell-Mediated Up-Regulation of CXCR4 Expression on CD4 T Cells and HIV Pathogenesis J. Immunol., September 1, 2002; 169(5): 2313 - 2322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. A. Smith-Franklin, B. F. Keele, J. G. Tew, S. Gartner, A. K. Szakal, J. D. Estes, T. C. Thacker, and G. F. Burton Follicular Dendritic Cells and the Persistence of HIV Infectivity: The Role of Antibodies and Fc{gamma} Receptors J. Immunol., March 1, 2002; 168(5): 2408 - 2414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D. W. Frost, J. Martinez-Picado, L. Ruiz, B. Clotet, and A. J. Leigh Brown Viral Dynamics during Structured Treatment Interruptions of Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection J. Virol., February 1, 2002; 76(3): 968 - 979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. S. Kaeser, M. A. Klein, P. Schwarz, and A. Aguzzi Efficient Lymphoreticular Prion Propagation Requires PrPc in Stromal and Hematopoietic Cells J. Virol., August 1, 2001; 75(15): 7097 - 7106. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
