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*
Centre Nationale des Toxémies à Staphylococques, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, Lyon, France;
Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France;
Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 277, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; and
Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5557, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Microbienne, Universite Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
The recently described staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) G and I
were originally identified in two separate strains of
Staphylococcus aureus. We have previously shown that the
corresponding genes seg and sei are
present in S. aureus in tandem orientation, on a 3.2-kb
DNA fragment (Jarraud, J. et al. 1999. J. Clin.
Microbiol. 37:2446–2449). Sequence analysis of
seg-sei intergenic DNA and flanking regions revealed
three enterotoxin-like open reading frames related to
seg and sei, designated
sek, sel, and sem, and two
pseudogenes, 
ent1 and ent2.
RT-PCR analysis showed that all these genes, including
seg and sei, belong to an operon,
designated the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc).
Recombinant SEG, SEI, SEK, SEL, and SEM showed superantigen activity,
each with a specific V
pattern. Distribution studies of genes
encoding superantigens in clinical S. aureus isolates
showed that most strains harbored such genes and in particular the
enterotoxin gene cluster, whatever the disease they caused.
Phylogenetic analysis of enterotoxin genes indicated that they all
potentially derived from this cluster, identifying egc
as a putative nursery of enterotoxin genes.
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A. Tristan, L. Ying, M. Bes, J. Etienne, F. Vandenesch, and G. Lina Use of Multiplex PCR To Identify Staphylococcus aureus Adhesins Involved in Human Hematogenous Infections J. Clin. Microbiol., September 1, 2003; 41(9): 4465 - 4467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Petersson, H. Pettersson, N. J. Skartved, B. Walse, and G. Forsberg Staphylococcal Enterotoxin H Induces V{alpha}-Specific Expansion of T Cells J. Immunol., April 15, 2003; 170(8): 4148 - 4154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Becker, A. W. Friedrich, G. Lubritz, M. Weilert, G. Peters, and C. von Eiff Prevalence of Genes Encoding Pyrogenic Toxin Superantigens and Exfoliative Toxins among Strains of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Blood and Nasal Specimens J. Clin. Microbiol., April 1, 2003; 41(4): 1434 - 1439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Proft, P. D. Webb, V. Handley, and J. D. Fraser Two Novel Superantigens Found in Both Group A and Group C Streptococcus Infect. Immun., March 1, 2003; 71(3): 1361 - 1369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D.-L. Hu, K. Omoe, Y. Shimoda, A. Nakane, and K. Shinagawa Induction of Emetic Response to Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in the House Musk Shrew (Suncus murinus) Infect. Immun., January 1, 2003; 71(1): 567 - 570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P.C. L. MOORE and J.A. LINDSAY Molecular characterisation of the dominant UK methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, EMRSA-15 and EMRSA-16 J. Med. Microbiol., June 1, 2002; 51(6): 516 - 521. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Shupp, M. Jett, and C. H. Pontzer Identification of a Transcytosis Epitope on Staphylococcal Enterotoxins Infect. Immun., April 1, 2002; 70(4): 2178 - 2186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Omoe, M. Ishikawa, Y. Shimoda, D.-L. Hu, S. Ueda, and K. Shinagawa Detection of seg, seh, and sei genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates and Determination of the Enterotoxin Productivities of S. aureus Isolates Harboring seg, seh, or sei Genes J. Clin. Microbiol., March 1, 2002; 40(3): 857 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Jarraud, C. Mougel, J. Thioulouse, G. Lina, H. Meugnier, F. Forey, X. Nesme, J. Etienne, and F. Vandenesch Relationships between Staphylococcus aureus Genetic Background, Virulence Factors, agr Groups (Alleles), and Human Disease Infect. Immun., February 1, 2002; 70(2): 631 - 641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Becker, B. Keller, C. von Eiff, M. Bruck, G. Lubritz, J. Etienne, and G. Peters Enterotoxigenic Potential of Staphylococcus intermedius Appl. Envir. Microbiol., December 1, 2001; 67(12): 5551 - 5557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Gravet, P. Couppie, O. Meunier, E. Clyti, B. Moreau, R. Pradinaud, H. Monteil, and G. Prevost Staphylococcus aureus Isolated in Cases of Impetigo Produces Both Epidermolysin A or B and LukE-LukD in 78% of 131 Retrospective and Prospective Cases J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 2001; 39(12): 4349 - 4356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S.-U. Lee, W. Ferens, W. C. Davis, M. J. Hamilton, Y.-H. Park, L. K. Fox, J. Naessens, and G. A. Bohach Identity of Activation Molecule 3 on Superantigen-Stimulated Bovine Cells Is CD26 Infect. Immun., November 1, 2001; 69(11): 7190 - 7193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. C. L. Moore and J. A. Lindsay Genetic Variation among Hospital Isolates of Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus: Evidence for Horizontal Transfer of Virulence Genes J. Clin. Microbiol., August 1, 2001; 39(8): 2760 - 2767. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. R. Fitzgerald, D. E. Sturdevant, S. M. Mackie, S. R. Gill, and J. M. Musser Evolutionary genomics of Staphylococcus aureus: Insights into the origin of methicillin-resistant strains and the toxic shock syndrome epidemic PNAS, July 5, 2001; (2001) 161098098. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Correction J. Immunol., March 15, 2001; 166(6): 4260 - 4260. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Fitzgerald, D. E. Sturdevant, S. M. Mackie, S. R. Gill, and J. M. Musser Evolutionary genomics of Staphylococcus aureus: Insights into the origin of methicillin-resistant strains and the toxic shock syndrome epidemic PNAS, July 17, 2001; 98(15): 8821 - 8826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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