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Dendritic Cells Prime In Vivo Alloreactive CD4 T Lymphocytes Toward Type 2 Cytokine- and TGF-ß-Producing Cells in the Absence of CD8 T Cell Activation¹

Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 28, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 30, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France

The mechanisms that influence the polarization of CD4 T cells specific for allogeneic MHC class II molecules in vivo are still poorly understood. We have examined the pathway of alloreactive CD4 T cell differentiation in a situation in which only CD4 T cells could be activated in vivo. In this report we show that priming of adult mice with allogeneic APC, in the absence of MHC class I-T cell interactions, induces a strong expansion of type 2 cytokine-producing allohelper T cells. These alloantigen-specific CD4 T cells directly recognize native allogeneic MHC class II molecules on APC and secrete, in addition to the prototypic Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, large amounts of TGF-ß. The default Th2-phenotype acquisition is not genetically controlled and occurred both in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. CD8 T cells are the principal cell type that controls CD4 T cell differentiation in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that strong Th2 priming can be induced not only with allogeneic splenocytes but also with a low number of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Finally, using a passive transfer system, we provide direct evidence that CD8 T cell expansion in situ promotes alloreactive Th1 cell development principally by preventing their default development to the Th2 pathway in a mechanism that is largely IFN- independent. Therefore, this work demonstrates that type 2 cytokine production represents a dominant pathway of alloreactive CD4 T cell differentiation in adult mice, a phenomenon that was initially thought to occur only during the neonatal period.

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