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Departments of
*
Clinical Neurosciences and
Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
Injury to the CNS results in the production and accumulation of inflammatory cytokines within this tissue. The origin and role of inflammation within the CNS remains controversial. In this paper we demonstrate that an acute trauma to the mouse brain results in the rapid elevation of IL-1ß. This increase is detectable by 15 min after injury and significantly precedes the influx of leukocytes that occurs hours after. To confirm that IL-1ß up-regulation is initiated by cells within the CNS, in situ hybridization for cytokine transcript was combined with cell type immunohistochemistry. The results reveal parenchymal microglia to be the sole source of IL-1ß at 3 h postinjury. A role for CNS-initiated inflammation was addressed by examining the expression of the neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Analysis of their temporal relationship suggests the up-regulation of CNTF by IL-1ß, which was confirmed through three lines of evidence. First, the application of IL-1 receptor antagonist into the lesion site attenuated the up-regulation of CNTF. Second, the examination of corticectomized animals genetically deficient for IL-1ß found no CNTF up-regulation. Third, the lack of CNTF elevation in IL-1ß null mice was rescued through exogenous application of IL-1ß into the lesion site. These findings provide the first evidence of the requirement for IL-1ß in the production of CNTF following CNS trauma, and suggest that inflammation can have a beneficial impact on the regenerative capacity of the CNS.
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