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*
Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910; and
Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office of the World Health Organization, Washington DC 20037
Sterile protective immunity against challenge with
Plasmodium spp. sporozoites can be induced in multiple
model systems and humans by immunization with radiation-attenuated
Plasmodium spp. sporozoites. The infected hepatocyte has
been established as the primary target of this protection, but the
underlying mechanisms have not been completely defined. Abs,
CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, cytokines
(including IFN-
and IL-12), and NO have all been implicated as
critical effectors. Here, we have investigated the mechanisms of
protective immunity induced by immunization with different vaccine
delivery systems (irradiated sporozoites, plasmid DNA, synthetic
peptide/adjuvant, and multiple Ag peptide) in genetically distinct
inbred strains, genetically modified mice, and outbred mice. We
establish that there is a marked diversity of T cell-dependent immune
responses that mediate sterile protective immunity against liver-stage
malaria. Furthermore, we demonstrate that distinct mechanisms of
protection are induced in different strains of inbred mice by a single
method of immunization, and in the same strain by different methods of
immunization. These data underscore the complexity of the murine host
response to a parasitic infection and suggest that an outbred human
population may behave similarly. Data nevertheless suggest that a
pre-erythrocytic-stage vaccine should be designed to induce
CD8+ T cell- and IFN-
-mediated immune responses and that
IFN-
responses may represent an in vitro correlate of
pre-erythrocytic-stage protective immunity.
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