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CUTTING EDGE |
*
Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132; and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 has recently been associated with cellular responses to numerous microbial products, including LPS and bacterial lipoproteins. However, many preparations of LPS contain low concentrations of highly bioactive contaminants described previously as "endotoxin protein," suggesting that these contaminants could be responsible for the TLR2-mediated signaling observed upon LPS stimulation. To test this hypothesis, commercial preparations of LPS were subjected to a modified phenol re-extraction protocol to eliminate endotoxin protein. While it did not influence the ability to stimulate cells from wild-type mice, repurification eliminated the ability of LPS to activate cells from C3H/HeJ (Lpsd) mice. Additionally, only cell lines transfected with human TLR4, but not human or murine TLR2, acquired responsiveness to both re-extracted LPS and to a protein-free, synthetic preparation of lipid A. These results suggest that neither human nor murine TLR2 plays a role in LPS signaling in the absence of contaminating endotoxin protein.
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 X. Yang, V. Murthy, K. Schultz, J. B. Tatro, K. A. Fitzgerald, and D. Beasley Toll-like receptor 3 signaling evokes a proinflammatory and proliferative phenotype in human vascular smooth muscle cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2006; 291(5): H2334 - H2343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Ohta, U. Bahrun, R. Shimazu, H. Matsushita, K. Fukudome, and M. Kimoto Induction of Long-Term Lipopolysaccharide Tolerance by an Agonistic Monoclonal Antibody to the Toll-Like Receptor 4/MD-2 Complex Clin. Vaccine Immunol., October 1, 2006; 13(10): 1131 - 1136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Li, S. Nookala, X. R. Bina, J. E. Bina, and F. Re Innate immune response to Francisella tularensis is mediated by TLR2 and caspase-1 activation J. Leukoc. Biol., October 1, 2006; 80(4): 766 - 773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Rodo, L. A. Goncalves, J. Demengeot, A. Coutinho, and C. Penha-Goncalves MHC Class II Molecules Control Murine B Cell Responsiveness to Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation J. Immunol., October 1, 2006; 177(7): 4620 - 4626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. W. Lee, L. Hertel, R. K. Louie, T. Burster, V. Lacaille, A. Pashine, D. A. Abate, E. S. Mocarski, and E. D. Mellins Human Cytomegalovirus Alters Localization of MHC Class II and Dendrite Morphology in Mature Langerhans Cells J. Immunol., September 15, 2006; 177(6): 3960 - 3971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Severa, E. M. Coccia, and K. A. Fitzgerald Toll-like Receptor-dependent and -independent Viperin Gene Expression and Counter-regulation by PRDI-binding Factor-1/BLIMP1 J. Biol. Chem., September 8, 2006; 281(36): 26188 - 26195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Marques, R. J. Rodrigues, A. C. de Magalhaes-Sant'Ana, and T. Goncalves Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hog1 Protein Phosphorylation upon Exposure to Bacterial Endotoxin J. Biol. Chem., August 25, 2006; 281(34): 24687 - 24694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. H. Harris, N. M. Cooney, J. M. Mansfield, and D. M. Paulnock Signal transduction, gene transcription, and cytokine production triggered in macrophages by exposure to trypanosome DNA. Infect. Immun., August 1, 2006; 74(8): 4530 - 4537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. L. Shoenfelt and M. J. Fenton TLR2- and TLR4-dependent activation of STAT1 serine phosphorylation in murine macrophages is protein kinase C-{delta}-independent Innate Immunity, August 1, 2006; 12(4): 231 - 240. [Abstract] [PDF]
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B. Gao, Y. Wang, and M.-F. Tsan The heat sensitivity of cytokine-inducing effect of lipopolysaccharide J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2006; 80(2): 359 - 366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. J. Brown, H. R. Lock, S. H. Sacks, and M. G. Robson TLR2 Stimulation of Intrinsic Renal Cells in the Induction of Immune-Mediated Glomerulonephritis J. Immunol., August 1, 2006; 177(3): 1925 - 1931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. A. Scheibner, M. A. Lutz, S. Boodoo, M. J. Fenton, J. D. Powell, and M. R. Horton Hyaluronan Fragments Act as an Endogenous Danger Signal by Engaging TLR2 J. Immunol., July 15, 2006; 177(2): 1272 - 1281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. K. Weaver, K. A. Hintz-Goldstein, P. A. Pioli, K. Wardwell, N. Qureshi, S. N. Vogel, and P. M. Guyre Pivotal Advance: Activation of cell surface Toll-like receptors causes shedding of the hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 J. Leukoc. Biol., July 1, 2006; 80(1): 26 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. N. Renn, D. J. Sanchez, M. T. Ochoa, A. J. Legaspi, C.-K. Oh, P. T. Liu, S. R. Krutzik, P. A. Sieling, G. Cheng, and R. L. Modlin TLR Activation of Langerhans Cell-Like Dendritic Cells Triggers an Antiviral Immune Response J. Immunol., July 1, 2006; 177(1): 298 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. J. Brown, S. H. Sacks, and M. G. Robson Toll-Like Receptor 2 Agonists Exacerbate Accelerated Nephrotoxic Nephritis J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2006; 17(7): 1931 - 1939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. E. Medvedev, I. Sabroe, J. D. Hasday, and S. N. Vogel Invited review: Tolerance to microbial TLR ligands: molecular mechanisms and relevance to disease Innate Immunity, June 1, 2006; 12(3): 133 - 150. [Abstract] [PDF]
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O. Dehus, T. Hartung, and C. Hermann Endotoxin evaluation of eleven lipopolysaccharides by whole blood assay does not always correlate with Limulus amebocyte lysate assay Innate Immunity, June 1, 2006; 12(3): 171 - 180. [Abstract] [PDF]
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G. Gatti, V. Rivero, R. D. Motrich, and M. Maccioni Prostate epithelial cells can act as early sensors of infection by up-regulating TLR4 expression and proinflammatory mediators upon LPS stimulation J. Leukoc. Biol., May 1, 2006; 79(5): 989 - 998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. C. Rowe, A. F. McGettrick, E. Latz, B. G. Monks, N. J. Gay, M. Yamamoto, S. Akira, L. A. O'Neill, K. A. Fitzgerald, and D. T. Golenbock The myristoylation of TRIF-related adaptor molecule is essential for Toll-like receptor 4 signal transduction PNAS, April 18, 2006; 103(16): 6299 - 6304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Zacharowski, P. A. Zacharowski, A. Koch, A. Baban, N. Tran, R. Berkels, C. Papewalis, K. Schulze-Osthoff, P. Knuefermann, U. Zahringer, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 plays a crucial role in the immune-adrenal response to systemic inflammatory response syndrome PNAS, April 18, 2006; 103(16): 6392 - 6397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. S. Seo, J. H. Kim, and M. H. Nahm Platelet-Activating Factor-Acetylhydrolase Can Monodeacylate and Inactivate Lipoteichoic Acid Clin. Vaccine Immunol., April 1, 2006; 13(4): 452 - 458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. R. Young, M. T. Borchers, H. L. Allen, R. S. Gibbons, and F. X. McCormack Lung-Restricted Macrophage Activation in the Pearl Mouse Model of Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome J. Immunol., April 1, 2006; 176(7): 4361 - 4368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Fan, Y. Li, Y. Vodovotz, T. R. Billiar, and M. A. Wilson Hemorrhagic shock-activated neutrophils augment TLR4 signaling-induced TLR2 upregulation in alveolar macrophages: role in hemorrhage-primed lung inflammation Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): L738 - L746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. E. Rumbaut, R. V. Bellera, J. K. Randhawa, C. N. Shrimpton, S. K. Dasgupta, J.-F. Dong, and A. R. Burns Endotoxin enhances microvascular thrombosis in mouse cremaster venules via a TLR4-dependent, neutrophil-independent mechanism Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): H1671 - H1679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. S. Park, F. Gamboni-Robertson, Q. He, D. Svetkauskaite, J.-Y. Kim, D. Strassheim, J.-W. Sohn, S. Yamada, I. Maruyama, A. Banerjee, et al. High mobility group box 1 protein interacts with multiple Toll-like receptors Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): C917 - C924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Bylund, L.-A. Burgess, P. Cescutti, R. K. Ernst, and D. P. Speert Exopolysaccharides from Burkholderia cenocepacia Inhibit Neutrophil Chemotaxis and Scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species J. Biol. Chem., February 3, 2006; 281(5): 2526 - 2532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Hashimoto, K. Tawaratsumida, H. Kariya, K. Aoyama, T. Tamura, and Y. Suda Lipoprotein is a predominant Toll-like receptor 2 ligand in Staphylococcus aureus cell wall components Int. Immunol., February 1, 2006; 18(2): 355 - 362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. B. Thornley, M. A. Brehm, T. G. Markees, L. D. Shultz, J. P. Mordes, R. M. Welsh, A. A. Rossini, and D. L. Greiner TLR Agonists Abrogate Costimulation Blockade-Induced Prolongation of Skin Allografts J. Immunol., February 1, 2006; 176(3): 1561 - 1570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. O'Connell, I. A. Ionova, A. J. Quayle, A. Visintin, and R. R. Ingalls Localization of TLR2 and MyD88 to Chlamydia trachomatis Inclusions: EVIDENCE FOR SIGNALING BY INTRACELLULAR TLR2 DURING INFECTION WITH AN OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PATHOGEN J. Biol. Chem., January 20, 2006; 281(3): 1652 - 1659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. H. Han, J. H. Kim, H. S. Seo, M. H. Martin, G.-H. Chung, S. M. Michalek, and M. H. Nahm Lipoteichoic Acid-Induced Nitric Oxide Production Depends on the Activation of Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor and Jak2 J. Immunol., January 1, 2006; 176(1): 573 - 579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Williams, J. D. Lich, J. A. Duncan, W. Reed, P. Rallabhandi, C. Moore, S. Kurtz, V. M. Coffield, M. A. Accavitti-Loper, L. Su, et al. The CATERPILLER Protein Monarch-1 Is an Antagonist of Toll-like Receptor-, Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha}-, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced Pro-inflammatory Signals J. Biol. Chem., December 2, 2005; 280(48): 39914 - 39924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Morath, S. von Aulock, and T. Hartung Structure/function relationships of lipoteichoic acids Innate Immunity, December 1, 2005; 11(6): 348 - 356. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L. Romics Jr, A. Dolganiuc, A. Velayudham, K. Kodys, P. Mandrekar, D. Golenbock, E. Kurt-Jones, and G. Szabo Toll-like receptor 2 mediates inflammatory cytokine induction but not sensitization for liver injury by Propioni- bacterium acnes J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2005; 78(6): 1255 - 1264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. C. Parker, E. C. Jones, L. R. Prince, S. K. Dower, M. K. B. Whyte, and I. Sabroe Endotoxin tolerance induces selective alterations in neutrophil function J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2005; 78(6): 1301 - 1305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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