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Functional Genomics Group,
*
Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine,
Sheffield Hybridomas, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; and
Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family are components of the mammalian anti-microbial response, signaling with a domain closely related to that of IL-1 receptors. In this report the expression and function of TLR1, a TLR of unknown function, are examined. TLR1 is expressed by monocytes, as demonstrated using a novel mAb. Monocytes also express TLR2. TLR1 transfection of HeLa cells, which express neither TLR1 nor TLR2, was not sufficient to confer responsiveness to several microbial extracts. However, cotransfection of TLR1 and TLR2 resulted in enhanced signaling by HeLa cells to soluble factors released from Neisseria meningitidis relative to the response with either TLR alone. This phenomenon was also seen with high concentrations of some preparations of LPS. The N. meningitidis factors recognized by TLR1/TLR2 were not released by N. meningitidis mutant in the LpxA gene. Although LpxA is required for LPS biosynthesis, because cooperation between TLR1 and TLR2 was not seen with all LPS preparations, the microbial component(s) TLR1/2 recognizes is likely to be a complex of LPS and other molecules or a compound metabolically and chemically related to LPS. The functional IL-1R consists of a heterodimer; this report suggests a similar mechanism for TLR1 and TLR2, for certain agonists. These data further suggest that mammalian responsiveness to some bacterial products may be mediated by combinations of TLRs, suggesting a mechanism for diversifying the repertoire of Toll-mediated responses.
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K. Sau, S. S. Mambula, E. Latz, P. Henneke, D. T. Golenbock, and S. M. Levitz The Antifungal Drug Amphotericin B Promotes Inflammatory Cytokine Release by a Toll-like Receptor- and CD14-dependent Mechanism J. Biol. Chem., September 26, 2003; 278(39): 37561 - 37568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Yoder, X. Wang, Y. Ma, M. T. Philipp, M. Heilbrun, J. H. Weis, C. J. Kirschning, R. M. Wooten, and J. J. Weis Tripalmitoyl-S-Glyceryl-Cysteine-Dependent OspA Vaccination of Toll-Like Receptor 2-Deficient Mice Results in Effective Protection from Borrelia burgdorferi Challenge Infect. Immun., July 1, 2003; 71(7): 3894 - 3900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. C. Pridmore, G. A. Jarvis, C. M. John, D. L. Jack, S. K. Dower, and R. C. Read Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4/MD2 by Neisseria Is Independent of Capsule and Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) Sialylation but Varies Widely among LOS from Different Strains Infect. Immun., July 1, 2003; 71(7): 3901 - 3908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Melmed, L. S. Thomas, N. Lee, S. Y. Tesfay, K. Lukasek, K. S. Michelsen, Y. Zhou, B. Hu, M. Arditi, and M. T. Abreu Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Are Broadly Unresponsive to Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Bacterial Ligands: Implications for Host-Microbial Interactions in the Gut J. Immunol., February 1, 2003; 170(3): 1406 - 1415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Dobrovolskaia, A. E. Medvedev, K. E. Thomas, N. Cuesta, V. Toshchakov, T. Ren, M. J. Cody, S. M. Michalek, N. R. Rice, and S. N. Vogel Induction of In Vitro Reprogramming by Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 Agonists in Murine Macrophages: Effects of TLR "Homotolerance" Versus "Heterotolerance" on NF-{kappa}B Signaling Pathway Components J. Immunol., January 1, 2003; 170(1): 508 - 519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Takeda, O. Takeuchi, and S. Akira Recognition of lipopeptides by Toll-like receptors Innate Immunity, December 1, 2002; 8(6): 459 - 463. [Abstract] [PDF]
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E. E. Putnins, A.-R. Sanaie, Q. Wu, and J. D. Firth Induction of Keratinocyte Growth Factor 1 Expression by Lipopolysaccharide Is Regulated by CD-14 and Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Infect. Immun., December 1, 2002; 70(12): 6541 - 6548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Weighardt, S. Kaiser-Moore, R. M. Vabulas, C. J. Kirschning, H. Wagner, and B. Holzmann Cutting Edge: Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 Deficiency Improves Resistance Against Sepsis Caused by Polymicrobial Infection J. Immunol., September 15, 2002; 169(6): 2823 - 2827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. E. Applequist, R. P. A. Wallin, and H.-G. Ljunggren Variable expression of Toll-like receptor in murine innate and adaptive immune cell lines Int. Immunol., September 1, 2002; 14(9): 1065 - 1074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. A. Kurt-Jones, L. Mandell, C. Whitney, A. Padgett, K. Gosselin, P. E. Newburger, and R. W. Finberg Role of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in neutrophil activation: GM-CSF enhances TLR2 expression and TLR2-mediated interleukin 8 responses in neutrophils Blood, August 13, 2002; 100(5): 1860 - 1868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Takeuchi, S. Sato, T. Horiuchi, K. Hoshino, K. Takeda, Z. Dong, R. L. Modlin, and S. Akira Cutting Edge: Role of Toll-Like Receptor 1 in Mediating Immune Response to Microbial Lipoproteins J. Immunol., July 1, 2002; 169(1): 10 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Sabroe, E. C. Jones, L. R. Usher, M. K. B. Whyte, and S. K. Dower Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 in Human Peripheral Blood Granulocytes: A Critical Role for Monocytes in Leukocyte Lipopolysaccharide Responses J. Immunol., May 1, 2002; 168(9): 4701 - 4710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. P. Darveau, S. Arbabi, I. Garcia, B. Bainbridge, and R. V. Maier Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide Is Both Agonist and Antagonist for p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation Infect. Immun., April 1, 2002; 70(4): 1867 - 1873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Edfeldt, J. Swedenborg, G. K. Hansson, and Z.-q. Yan Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Atherosclerotic Lesions: A Possible Pathway for Plaque Activation Circulation, March 12, 2002; 105(10): 1158 - 1161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Vasselon and P. A. Detmers Toll Receptors: a Central Element in Innate Immune Responses Infect. Immun., March 1, 2002; 70(3): 1033 - 1041. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. A. Zarember and P. J. Godowski Tissue Expression of Human Toll-Like Receptors and Differential Regulation of Toll-Like Receptor mRNAs in Leukocytes in Response to Microbes, Their Products, and Cytokines J. Immunol., January 15, 2002; 168(2): 554 - 561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Fukui, N. Inoue, M. Matsumoto, M. Nomura, K. Yamada, Y. Matsuda, K. Toyoshima, and T. Seya Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of Chicken Toll-like Receptors. A SINGLE CHICKEN TOLL COVERS MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATTERNS J. Biol. Chem., December 7, 2001; 276(50): 47143 - 47149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Mansell, N. Khelef, P. Cossart, and L. A. J. O'Neill Internalin B Activates Nuclear Factor-kappa B via Ras, Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase, and Akt J. Biol. Chem., November 16, 2001; 276(47): 43597 - 43603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Takeshita, C. A. Leifer, I. Gursel, K. J. Ishii, S. Takeshita, M. Gursel, and D. M. Klinman Cutting Edge: Role of Toll-Like Receptor 9 in CpG DNA-Induced Activation of Human Cells J. Immunol., October 1, 2001; 167(7): 3555 - 3558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Sweet, B. P. Leung, D. Kang, M. Sogaard, K. Schulz, V. Trajkovic, C. C. Campbell, D. Xu, and F. Y. Liew A Novel Pathway Regulating Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Shock by ST2/T1 Via Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression J. Immunol., June 1, 2001; 166(11): 6633 - 6639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Hirschfeld, J. J. Weis, V. Toshchakov, C. A. Salkowski, M. J. Cody, D. C. Ward, N. Qureshi, S. M. Michalek, and S. N. Vogel Signaling by Toll-Like Receptor 2 and 4 Agonists Results in Differential Gene Expression in Murine Macrophages Infect. Immun., March 1, 2001; 69(3): 1477 - 1482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
