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Early Programming of T Cell Populations Responding to Bacterial Infection¹

Roberto Mercado^2,*, Sujata Vijh^2,3,*, S. Elise Allen^*,, Kristen Kerksiek^*,, Ingrid M. Pilip^* and Eric G. Pamer^4,*,

Sections of ^* Infectious Diseases and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520

The duration of infection and the quantity of Ag presented in vivo are commonly assumed to influence, if not determine, the magnitude of T cell responses. Although the cessation of in vivo T cell expansion coincides with bacterial clearance in mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes, closer analysis suggests that control of T cell expansion and contraction is more complex. In this report, we show that the magnitude and kinetics of Ag-specific T cell responses are determined during the first day of bacterial infection. Expansion of Ag-specific T lymphocyte populations and generation of T cell memory are independent of the duration and severity of in vivo bacterial infection. Our studies indicate that the Ag-specific T cell response to L. monocytogenes is programmed before the peak of the innate inflammatory response and in vivo bacterial replication.

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				J. K. Whitmire, J. T. Tan, and J. L. Whitton Interferon-{gamma} acts directly on CD8+ T cells to increase their abundance during virus infection J. Exp. Med., April 4, 2005; 201(7): 1053 - 1059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. G. Kitchen, J. K. Whitmire, N. R. Jones, Z. Galic, C. M. R. Kitchen, R. Ahmed, and J. A. Zack The CD4 molecule on CD8+ T lymphocytes directly enhances the immune response to viral and cellular antigens PNAS, March 8, 2005; 102(10): 3794 - 3799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. K. Sambandamurthy, S. C. Derrick, K. V. Jalapathy, B. Chen, R. G. Russell, S. L. Morris, and W. R. Jacobs Jr. Long-Term Protection against Tuberculosis following Vaccination with a Severely Attenuated Double Lysine and Pantothenate Auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infect. Immun., February 1, 2005; 73(2): 1196 - 1203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Maile, C. A. Siler, S. E. Kerry, K. E. Midkiff, E. J. Collins, and J. A. Frelinger Peripheral "CD8 Tuning" Dynamically Modulates the Size and Responsiveness of an Antigen-Specific T Cell Pool In Vivo J. Immunol., January 15, 2005; 174(2): 619 - 627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. N. J. Bullock and H. Yagita Induction of CD70 on Dendritic Cells through CD40 or TLR Stimulation Contributes to the Development of CD8+ T Cell Responses in the Absence of CD4+ T Cells J. Immunol., January 15, 2005; 174(2): 710 - 717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Panthel, K. M. Meinel, V. E. S. Domenech, H. Retzbach, E. I. Igwe, W.-D. Hardt, and H. Russmann Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2-Mediated Overexpression of Chimeric SspH2 Proteins for Simultaneous Induction of Antigen-Specific CD4 and CD8 T Cells Infect. Immun., January 1, 2005; 73(1): 334 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Williams and M. J. Bevan Shortening the Infectious Period Does Not Alter Expansion of CD8 T Cells but Diminishes Their Capacity to Differentiate into Memory Cells J. Immunol., December 1, 2004; 173(11): 6694 - 6702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. C. Kirby, M. Sundquist, and M. J. Wick In Vivo Compartmentalization of Functionally Distinct, Rapidly Responsive Antigen-Specific T-Cell Populations in DNA-Immunized or Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium-Infected Mice Infect. Immun., November 1, 2004; 72(11): 6390 - 6400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. A. Corbin and J. T. Harty Duration of Infection and Antigen Display Have Minimal Influence on the Kinetics of the CD4+ T Cell Response to Listeria monocytogenes Infection J. Immunol., November 1, 2004; 173(9): 5679 - 5687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. G. Brockstedt, M. A. Giedlin, M. L. Leong, K. S. Bahjat, Y. Gao, W. Luckett, W. Liu, D. N. Cook, D. A. Portnoy, and T. W. Dubensky Jr. Listeria-based cancer vaccines that segregate immunogenicity from toxicity PNAS, September 21, 2004; 101(38): 13832 - 13837. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Srinivasan, J. Foley, R. Ravindran, and S. J. McSorley Low-Dose Salmonella Infection Evades Activation of Flagellin-Specific CD4 T Cells J. Immunol., September 15, 2004; 173(6): 4091 - 4099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. T. Stock, S. N. Mueller, A. L. van Lint, W. R. Heath, and F. R. Carbone Cutting Edge: Prolonged Antigen Presentation after Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Skin Infection J. Immunol., August 15, 2004; 173(4): 2241 - 2244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Ichii, A. Sakamoto, Y. Kuroda, and T. Tokuhisa Bcl6 Acts as an Amplifier for the Generation and Proliferative Capacity of Central Memory CD8+ T Cells J. Immunol., July 15, 2004; 173(2): 883 - 891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. W. Lawrence and T. J. Braciale Activation, Differentiation, and Migration of Naive Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells during Pulmonary Influenza Virus Infection J. Immunol., July 15, 2004; 173(2): 1209 - 1218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]